US5814479A - Bsk receptor-like tyrosine kinase - Google Patents

Bsk receptor-like tyrosine kinase Download PDF

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US5814479A
US5814479A US08/673,789 US67378996A US5814479A US 5814479 A US5814479 A US 5814479A US 67378996 A US67378996 A US 67378996A US 5814479 A US5814479 A US 5814479A
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bsk
receptor
acid sequence
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Renping Zhou
Nicholas T. Schulz
Lawrence F. Kromer
George F. Vande Woude
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/71—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for growth factors; for growth regulators

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  • This invention is in the field of the neurotrophic receptors and their ligands. More specifically this invention relates to the receptor-like tyrosine kinase Bsk and its corresponding ligand and to therapeutic and diagnostic applications which employ the Bsk receptor or ligand.
  • AD Alzheimer's Disease
  • brain structures including the locus coeruleus and raphe complex of the brainstem, the basal forebrain cholinergic system, amygdala, hippocampus and neocortex (Coleman and Flood, (1987) Neurobiol. Acing 8:521-545).
  • the hippocampus and its adjacent, anatomically related entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices play an essential, although temporal, role for establishing long-term memory for facts and events (Squire and Zola-Morgan, (1991) Science 253: 1380-1386).
  • the widespread and reciprocal connections between hippocampal structures and neocortex may explain their degeneration in a variety of neurological diseases. Understanding the mechanism of neuronal survival in the hippocampus may help to develop effective treatments of neural degenerative diseases or disorders as well as neoplasms involving neuronal tissue.
  • Nerve growth factor has been a model trophic factor (Levi-Montalcini, (1987) Science 237:1154-1162; Black et al., (1990) In Nilsen-Hamilton M (ed): “Current Topics In Developmental Biology Volume 24" Academic Press Inc., pp. 161-182; Gage et al., (1991) In Bothwell M (ed): “Current Topics In Microbiology and Immunology Volume 165 " Springer Verlag, pp. 71-92).
  • fibroblast growth factors are well known mitogens (Gospodarowicz, (1990) In Nilsen-Hamilton M (ed): “Current topics in developmental biology Vol 24.” Academic Press Inc., pp 57-93) that exhibit potent neurotrophic activity both in vivo (Anderson et al., (1988). Nature 332:360-361) and on cultured neurons from many brain regions (Morrison et al., (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7537-7541; Morrison (1987) Neuroscience Res. 17:99-101; Walicke (1988) J. Neurosci. 6:1114-1121; Wagner (1991) In Bothwell M.
  • BDNF Brain derived neurotrophic factor
  • NT-3 neurotrophin-3
  • BDNF related to NGF, has neurotrophic activity for sensory and retinal ganglion neurons and rescues spinal motor neurons in vivo from axotomy-induced cell death (Sendtner et al., (1992) Nature 360:757-759; Yan et al., (1992) Nature 360: 753-755).
  • NT-3 was shown to support the growth of neurons from dorsal root ganglion, the neural placode-derived nodose ganglion and the paravertebral chain sympathetic ganglion (Maisonpierre et al., (1990) Science 247: 1446-1451).
  • Growth/trophic factors function through their receptors which often possess intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity (Schlessinger and Ullrich (1992) Neuron 9:383-391).
  • the receptor protein-tyrosine kinases are composed of an extracellular domain, a membrane spanning domain and a catalytic domain (Schlessinger and Ullrich (1992) Neuron 9:383-391). Binding of the growth/trophic factor to the extracellular domain activates the catalytic domain inside the cell and results in phosphorylation of substrates within the cell. Activation of the receptor is believed to mediate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth and differentiation.
  • tyrosine kinases are expressed during embryogenesis and are therefore believed to be important in the mechanisms underlying oncogenesis and cellular growth (Wilks, AF (1993) Advances in Cancer Research 60:43-73). Increased or aberrant expressions of tyrosine kinase receptors has been associated with several human neoplasms, including glioblastomas, squamos carcinomas, breast and gastric cancers (Carpenter, (1987) Ann. Rev. Biochem 56, 881-914; Muller et al., (1988) Cell 54, 105-109; Kraus et al (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86: 9193-9197).
  • FIG. 1 shows Northern blot analysis of Bsk expression in adult mouse tissues. Two micrograms of poly A + mRNA from each adult tissue as indicated were hybridized with a nick-translated 4.3 kilobase (kb) Bsk cDNA probe (upper panel). RNA size markers (in kb) are indicated at left. Middle and lower panels show the results of the rehybridization of the same blot with a human actin and a rat glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) probe respectively.
  • GPDH rat glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  • FIG. 2A-C shows complete nucleotide sequence of the longest Bsk cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO: 1) and predicted amino acid sequence.
  • SEQ ID NO:2 The putative signal peptide at the very N-terminal and the transmembrane domain are underlined, the potential N-linked glycosylation sites are underlined by dashed lines, the glycine and lysine residues of the ATP-binding domain are circled. Regions characteristic of the eph/elk family receptor tyrosine kinases are boxed. The stop codons preceding and after the coding region are indicated by asterisks.
  • FIG. 3A-D shows comparison of the amino acid sequences from all the known members of the eph/elk family.
  • the human and mouse homologs of cek4, hek and mek, are not included. Only 19 residues of cek6 (SEQ ID NO:12), which is not known to be present in its rat homolog elk are shown.
  • sequences of sek (SEQ ID NO:3) is shown and amino acid residues in other family members identical to that of sek are also replaced by dots to show homology among the family members.
  • Putative signal peptide sequences and transmembrane domains are underlined.
  • the conserved cysteine residues among the eph/elk family members are indicated by asterisks;
  • the conserved amino acid residues in the two fibronectin III-like domains are marked with "#" and "+” signs respectively.
  • the cysteines in the juxtamembrane domain in Bsk are identified by circles. Amino acids are numbered at the left of the sequences.
  • FIG. 4 shows Western blot analysis of Bsk product.
  • 100 ⁇ g of a head extract of 16.5 day mouse embryo was loaded in each lane and fractionated using SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane.
  • the membranes were then probed with pre-immune serum (lane 1) and an anti-serum raised against a peptide CHGSLGSGAYRSVGE near the C-terminal of the predicted amino acid sequence of Bsk (lane 2) respectively.
  • the Bsk protein is indicated by the *.
  • FIGS. 5A-F and 5A'-F' shows coronal views of Bsk expression in adult mouse brain.
  • FIGS. 5A-F show dark field views of coronal sections of one month old mouse brain hybridized to 35 S!-labeled Bsk-specific anti-sense probe. Boxed regions are shown in more details in FIG. 6.
  • FIGS. A'-F' show neighboring sections of those shown in A-F respectively and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and photographed in bright field.
  • AF anterior frontal cortex
  • AC anterior cingulate cortex
  • IL infralimbic cortex
  • TT tenia tecta
  • Pir Piriform cortex
  • OT olfactory tubercle
  • IG indusium griseum
  • DB vertical diagonal band/media septum
  • HDB horizontal limb diagonal band
  • HP hypothalamus
  • DG dentate gyrus
  • CM central medial thalamic nuclei
  • AD amygdaloid area.
  • FIGS. 6A-C and 6'-6C' shows magnified view of Bsk-positive regions boxed in FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 6A shows the darkfield view of the piriform cortex showing the Bsk-positive pyramidal cell layer and the Bsk-negative olfactory tubercle (OT).
  • FIG. 6B shows the darkfield view of indusium griseum (IG).
  • FIG. 6C shows the darkfield view of the CA1-CA2-CA3 (CA:Cornu Ammonis) junction region, showing the different intensities of Bsk signal in CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus.
  • FIGS. 6A'-C' show hematoxylin and eosin staining of the corresponding regions as shown in FIGS. 6A-C respectively.
  • FIGS. 7A-B, 7A'-B' shows sagittal view of Bsk expression in adult brain.
  • FIGS. A and A' show the dark and bright field view of neighboring parasagittal sections hybridized with Bsk probe or silver-stained respectively.
  • FIGS. 7B and B' show dark and bright field view (silver stained tissue) of the hippocampal area.
  • H hippocampus
  • OB olfactory bulb
  • S subiculum. Magnification 12.5 ⁇ .
  • FIGS. 8A-B, 8A'-B' shows Bsk expression in mouse embryo.
  • FIGS. A and A' show the dark and bright field view of the parasagittal sections of a 16.5 day mouse embryo.
  • FIGS. B and B' show detailed dark and bright field views of the embryonic telencephalon respectively.
  • Tel telencephalon
  • Mes mesencephalon
  • G gonadal tissue
  • E external zone
  • I intermediate zone
  • S subventricular zone
  • V ventricular epithelium. Magnification 12.5 ⁇ .
  • Nucleic acid sequences includes, but is not limited to, DNA, RNA or cDNA.
  • Nucleic acid sequence as used herein refers to an isolated and purified nucleic acid sequence.
  • Bsk messenger RNA (mRNA) refers to one or more RNA transcripts which are a product of the Bsk gene.
  • Substantially homologous as used herein refers to substantial correspondence between the nucleic acid sequence of Bsk shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:1) and that of any other nucleic acid sequence.
  • substantially homologous means about 60% homology, preferably by about 75% homology, and most preferably about 85% homology between the Bsk sequence and that of any other nucleic acid sequence.
  • substantially homologous as used herein also refers to substantial correspondences between the amino acid sequence of the Bsk receptor shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:2) and that of any other amino acid sequence.
  • Ligand refers to any protein or proteins that may interact with the Bsk receptor binding domain. Said ligand or ligands may be soluble or membrane bound. The ligand or ligands may be a naturally occurring protein, or synthetically or recombinantly produced. The ligand may also be a nonprotein molecule that acts as ligand when it interacts with the Bsk receptor binding domain. Interactions between the ligand and receptor binding domain include, but are not limited to, any covalent or non-covalent interactions.
  • the receptor binding domain is any region of the Bsk receptor molecule that interacts directly or indirectly with the Bsk ligand.
  • Drugs include, but is not limited to proteins, peptides, degenerate peptides, agents purified from conditioned cell medium, organic molecules, inorganic molecules, antibodies or oligonucleotides.
  • Other candidate drugs include analogs of the Bsk ligand or ligands.
  • the drug may be naturally occurring or synthetically or recombinantly produced.
  • One skilled in the art will understand that such drugs maybe developed by the assays described below.
  • neurodegenerative disease includes, but is not limited to, states in a mammal which can include chromosomal abnormalities, degenerative growth and developmental disorders, viral infections, bacterial infections, brain injuries, or neoplastic conditions.
  • Examples of neurodegenerative diseases that can be diagnosed, assessed or treated by methods described in the present application include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia.
  • diseases characterized by neurodegeneration in the limbic system are diagnosed, assessed or treated by methods disclosed in the present application.
  • injuries to the nervous system include, but are not limited to, stroke and cerebral ischemia due to stroke or cardiac arrest. Also considered within this definition is the treatment of injury to the nervous system.
  • neoplasms involving neuronal tissue may be diagnosed, assessed or therapeutically treated by methods suggested herein.
  • bioassays of the present invention may be used in the analysis of biological samples or tissues from any vertebrate species.
  • mammalian biological samples or tissues are analyzed.
  • Tissue includes, but is not limited to, single cells, whole organs and portions thereof.
  • Biological samples include, but are not limited to, tissues, primary cultures of mammalian tissues, biopsy specimens, pathology specimens, and necropsy specimens.
  • Mammal includes but is not limited to, humans, monkeys, dogs, cats, mice, rats, pigs, cows, pigs, horses, sheep and goats.
  • the present invention provides a nucleic acid sequence which encodes a novel receptor tyrosine kinase.
  • This novel receptor like kinase is designated Bsk (brain specific kinase).
  • Bsk is highly related to the eph/elk receptor like kinase family and thus represents a new member of this family.
  • the Bsk receptor-like tyrosine kinase appears to have its greatest level of expression in the hippocampus and its associated limbic structures.
  • the cDNA sequence for Bsk is shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO:1), the deduced amino acid sequence for the Bsk protein is also shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:2).
  • the nucleic acid sequence for Bsk shown in FIG. 2 represents a preferred embodiment of the invention. It is, however, understood by one skilled in the art that due to the degeneracy of the genetic code variations in the cDNA sequence shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:1) will still result in a DNA sequence capable of encoding the Bsk protein. Such DNA sequences are therefor functionally equivalent to the sequence set forth in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:1) and are intended to be encompassed within the present invention. Further, naturally occurring allelic variations in a given species of the Bsk nucleic acid sequence shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:1) are also intended to be encompassed by the present invention.
  • the predicted Bsk protein is about a 105 kd transmembrane polypeptide with structural features which identify it as a member of the eph/elk family of tyrosine kinase receptors.
  • This invention further includes the Bsk protein or peptides having substantially the same function as the Bsk receptor like tyrosine kinase protein of this invention.
  • Such proteins or polypeptides include, but are not limited to, a fragment of the protein, or a substitution, addition or deletion mutant of the Bsk protein.
  • This invention also encompasses proteins or peptides that are substantially homologous to the Bsk receptor. Substantially homologous means about 80% homology, preferably about 90% homology, and most preferably about 95% homology between the Bsk receptor and any another amino acid sequence or protein.
  • This invention also provides a recombinant DNA molecule comprising all or part of the Bsk nucleic acid sequence (SEQ. ID NO.:1) and a vector.
  • Expression vectors suitable for use in the present invention comprise at least one expression control element operationally linked to the nucleic acid sequence.
  • the expression control elements are inserted in the vector to control and regulate the expression of the nucleic acid sequence. Examples of expression control elements includes, but is not limited to, lac system, operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, yeast promoters and promoters derived from polymer, adenovirus, retrovirus or SV40.
  • Additional preferred or required operational elements include, but are not limited to, leader sequence, termination codons, polyadenylation signals and any other sequences necessary or preferred for the appropriate transcription and subsequent translation of the nucleic acid sequence in the host system. It will be understood by one skilled in the art the correct combination of required or preferred expression control elements will depend on the host system chosen. It will further be understood that the expression vector should contain additional elements necessary for the transfer and subsequent replication of the expression vector containing the nucleic acid sequence in the host system. Examples of such elements include, but are not limited to, origins of replication and selectable markers.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a host organism into which recombinant expression vector containing all or part of the Bsk nucleic acid sequence has been inserted.
  • the host cells transformed with the Bsk nucleic acid sequence of this invention includes eukaryotes, such as animal, plant, insect and yeast cells and prokaryotes, such as E. Coli.
  • the means by which the vector carrying the gene may be introduced into the cell includes, but is not limited to, microinjection, electroporation, transduction, or transfection using DEAE-dextran, lipofection, calcium phosphate or other procedures known to one skilled in the art (Sambrook et al. (1989) in "Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y.).
  • eukaryotic expression vectors that function in eukaryotic cells are used.
  • examples of such vectors include but are not limited to vaccinia virus vectors, adenovirus vectors, herpes virus vector and the baculovirus transfer vectors.
  • Preferred eukaryotic cell lines include, but are not limited to, COS cells, CHO cells, HeLa cells, NIH/3T3 cells and PC12 cells.
  • the recombinant Bsk protein expression vector is introduced into mammalian cells, such as NIH/3T3, COS or CHO, to ensure proper glycosylation of the Bsk protein.
  • the expressed recombinant Bsk protein may be detected by methods known in the art which include Coomassie blue staining and Western blotting using antibodies specific for the Bsk protein.
  • the recombinant protein expressed by the host cells can be obtained as a crude lysate or can be purified by standard protein purification procedures known in the art which may include differential precipitation, molecular sieve chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, gel electrophoresis, affinity, and immunoaffinity chromatography and the like.
  • standard protein purification procedures known in the art which may include differential precipitation, molecular sieve chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, gel electrophoresis, affinity, and immunoaffinity chromatography and the like.
  • immunoaffinity chromatography the recombinant protein may be purified by passage through a column containing a resin which has bound thereto antibodies specific for the Bsk protein (Ausubel et. al., (1987) in "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.).
  • nucleic acid sequence or portions thereof, of this invention are useful as probes for the detection of expression of the Bsk gene in normal and disease tissue. Therefore, another aspect of the present invention relates to a bioassay for detecting messenger RNA encoding the Bsk protein in a biological sample comprising the steps of (a) contacting all or part of the nucleic acid sequence of this invention with said biological sample under conditions allowing a complex to form between said nucleic acid sequence and said messenger RNA, (b) detecting said complexes and, (c) determining the level of said messenger RNA.
  • RNA can be isolated as whole cell RNA or as poly(A) + RNA.
  • Whole cell RNA can be isolated by a variety of methods known to those skilled in the art. (Ausubel et al., (1987) on “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology", John Wiley and Sons, New York). Such methods include extraction of RNA by differential precipitation (Birnboim, H. C. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res., 16:1487-1497), extraction of RNA by organic solvents (Chomczynski, P. et al. (1987) Anal. Biochem., 162:156-159) and the extraction of RNA with strong denaturants (Chirgwin, J. M. et al.
  • Poly(A) + RNA can be selected form whole cell RNA by affinity chromatography on oligo-d(T) columns (Aviv, H. et al. (1972) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 69:1408-1412).
  • Examples of methods for determining cellular messenger mRNA levels for step (c) include, but is not limited to Northern blotting (Alwine, J. C. et al. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 74:5350-5354), dot and slot hybridization (Kafatos, F. C. et al.
  • Detection of complexes in Step (b) of the bioassay can also be carried out by a variety of techniques. Detection of the complexes by signal amplification can be achieved by several conventional labelling techniques including radiolabels and enzymes (Sambrook et. al., (1989) in "Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y.; Ausubel et al., (1987) in "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology", John Wiley and Sons, New York N.Y.). Radiolabelling kits are also commercially available.
  • the Bsk nucleic acid sequence used as a probe in step(c) of the bioassay may be RNA or DNA.
  • Preferred methods of labelling the DNA sequences are with 32 P! using Klenow enzyme or polynucleotide kinase.
  • methods of labeling RNA or riboprobe sequences are with 32 P! or 35 S! using RNA polymerases.
  • non-radioactive techniques for signal amplification including methods for attaching chemical moieties to pyrimidine and purine rings (Dale, R. N. K. et al. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 70:2238-2242; Heck, R. F. (1968) S. Am. Chem. Soc., 90:5518-5523), methods which allow detection by chemiluminescence (Barton, S. K.
  • biological samples that can be used in this bioassay include, but are not limited to, primary mammalian cultures, continuous mammalian cell lines, mammalian organs such as brain and testes, tissues, biopsy specimens, neoplasms, pathology specimens, and necropsy specimens.
  • a 32 P! radiolabelled Bsk probe as exemplified in Example 1, is used.
  • the Bsk probe is the 4.3 kilobase nucleic acid fragment shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:2).
  • the complete 4.3 kb Bsk cDNA (FIG. 2; SEQ ID NO:1) was cloned into the pBluescript vector and the resulting pBsk plasmid, deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852 USA on Dec. 7, 1993, and given ATCC Deposit Number 75620.
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • the full length Bsk nucleic acid sequence can be isolated from the pBsk plasmid by digestion with EcoR1 and Xho1 restriction enzymes. This 4.3 kb nucleic acid sequence can then be nick translated and used as a probe. This probe is used to detect Bsk mRNA in a poly A + RNA isolated from a variety of tissues or biological samples.
  • oligonucleotide pairs based on the Bsk sequence in FIG. 2 are used as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) primers to detect Bsk mRNA in a biological sample.
  • PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • These primers can be used in a method following the reverse transcriptase--Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) process for amplifying selected RNA nucleic acid sequences as detailed in Ausubel et al., (eds) (1987) In "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” Chapter 15, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.
  • the oligonucleotides can be synthesized by automated instruments sold by a variety of manufacturers or can be commercially prepared based upon the nucleic acid sequence of this invention.
  • the Bsk nucleic acid sequence or portions thereof (FIG. 2: SEQ ID NO:1) of this invention are useful to detect alterations of the Bsk gene in normal or diseased mammalian tissue.
  • alteration we mean additions, deletions, substitutions or duplications in the Bsk gene sequence or gene amplification of the Bsk gene sequence.
  • another aspect of the present invention relates to an assay for detecting alterations of the Bsk gene in a biological sample comprising the steps of (a) contacting all or part of the nucleic acid sequence of this invention with genomic DNA isolated from a biological sample under conditions allowing a complex to form between said nucleic acid sequence and said genomic DNA, (b) detecting said complexes, and (c) determining alterations in said Bsk gene by comparison to a control sample.
  • the Bsk nucleic acid sequences of this invention can also be used as probes to isolate the Bsk homologs in other species.
  • the Bsk CDNA (FIG. 2; SEQ ID No.:1) is used to screen a mammalian CDNA library, positive clones are selected and sequenced.
  • tissue sources from which the cDNA library can be synthesized includes, but are not limited to brain, testes and embryos.
  • a human brain cDNA library is screened using the 4.3 kb Bsk cDNA as a probe (FIG. 2; SEQ ID No. 1).
  • One skilled in the art will understand the appropriate hybridization conditions to be used to detect the homologs.
  • Bsk is a member of the eph/elk family of tyrosine kinase receptors. It also is known, as discussed above, that alterations in the levels of expression of members of the eph/elk family is associated with some neoplastic conditions. It is therefore another aspect of this invention to provide Bsk nucleic acid probes to be utilized in detecting alterations in the level of Bsk mRNA in biological sample isolated from a mammal afflicted with a disease. Examples of such diseases, include but is not limited to, neurodegenerative diseases or disorders and neoplasms.
  • alterations in the level of Bsk mRNA we mean an increase or decrease in the level of an RNA relative to a control sample or the appearance or disappearance of the Bsk mRNA relative to a control sample. Detection in the alterations of Bsk mRNA will allow for diagnosis or the assessment of the diseased state. As discussed previously, the presence of the trk receptors on neural tumors is predictive of a better prognoses for the afflicted individual. Therefore, alterations in the level of Bsk mRNA may be predictive of the prognosis for the afflicted mammal.
  • the nucleic acid of this invention can be used in in situ hybridization on mammalian tissues to determine the precise site of expression of the Bsk gene within a tissue.
  • a preferred method of labeling the Bsk nucleic acid sequence is by synthesizing a 35 S!-labeled RNA probe by in vitro transcription utilizing the T7 polymerase.
  • the sense strand is under the control of the T3 promoter
  • the antisense strand is under the T7 promoter. It is preferable that the probe be hydrolyzed to a probe length of approximately 200 base pairs (Zhou et al (1994) J. Neuroscience. Res. 37(1):129-143).
  • Hippocampal neurons are formed from embryonic day 10 until birth (Angevine, (1965) Experimental Neurology Supp 2:1-70).
  • mouse embryos from day 9 to birth and newborn mouse pups will be sacrificed and fixed in 4% formalin, embedded and sectioned (Zhou et. al. (1994) J. Neuroscience Res 37(1): 129-143; Ausubel et. al. (eds) (1987) In "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” Chapter 14, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.).
  • the sections can be hybridized to 35 S! -labeled Bsk antisense and sense control probe generated using the pBsk plasmid (ATCC # 75620).
  • Messenger RNA from embryonic day 9 (E9) through birth will be extracted by conventional methods described above and analyzed using the Bsk nucleic acid sequence of this invention as a probe.
  • This invention further comprises an antibody reactive with the Bsk protein having the amino acid sequence defined in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) or a unique portion thereof.
  • the antibodies are monoclonal or polyclonal in original.
  • Bsk protein or peptides used to generate the antibodies may be from natural or recombinant sources or generated by chemical synthesis.
  • Natural Bsk proteins can be isolated from mammalian biological samples. Biological samples include, but is not limited to mammalian tissues such as brain, testis, primary or continuous cultures of mammalian cells. The natural Bsk proteins may be isolated by the same methods described above for recombinant proteins. Recombinant Bsk proteins or peptides may be produced and purified by conventional methods.
  • Synthetic Bsk peptides may be custom ordered or commercially made on the predicted amino acid sequence of the present invention (FIG. 2; SEQ ID:2) or synthesized by methods known to one skilled in the art (Merrifield, R. B. (1963) J. Amer. Soc. 85:2149). If the peptide is too short to be antigenic it may be conjugated to a carrier molecule to enhance the antigenicity of the peptide.
  • carrier molecules includes, but is not limited to human albumin, bovine albumin and keyhole limpet hemo-cyanin ("Basic and Clinical Immunology” (1991) Stites, D. P. and Terr A. I. (eds) Appleton and Lange, Norwalk Connecticut, San Mateo, Calif.).
  • Exemplary antibody molecules for use in the detection methods of the present invention are intact immunoglobulin molecules, substantially intact immunoglobulin molecules or those portions of an immunoglobulin molecules that contain the antigen binding site, including those portions of an immunoglobulin molecules known in the art as F(ab), F(ab'); F(ab') 2 and F(v).
  • Polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies may be produced by methods known in the art. (Kohler and Milstein (1975) Nature 256, 495-497; Campbell “Monoclonal Antibody Technology, the Production and Characterization of Rodent and Human Hybridomas" in Burdon et al.
  • the antibodies of this invention may react with native or denatured Bsk protein or peptides.
  • the specific immunoassay in which the antibodies are to be used will dictate which antibodies are desirable.
  • Antibodies raised against the C-terminus of the Bsk protein or against synthetic peptides homologous to the carboxy terminus, of the Bsk protein are desirable.
  • the antibodies of this invention are used in immunoassays to detect the novel Bsk receptor protein in biological samples.
  • the antibodies of the present invention are contacted with a biological sample and the formation of a complex between the Bsk protein and antibody is detected.
  • Immunoassays of the present invention may be radioimmunoassay, Western blot assay, immunofluorescent assay, enzyme immunoassay, chemiluminescent assay, immunohistochemical assay and the like.
  • Neoman eds
  • Stockton Pres New York, N.Y.; Oellirich, M. 1984.
  • Biological samples appropriate for such detection assays include mammalian tissues, cell lines PC12 cells, pathology specimens, necropsy specimens, and biopsy specimens.
  • Proteins may be isolated from biological samples by conventional methods described in (Ausubel et al., (eds) (1987) in "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.).
  • the antibodies of this invention can therefore be used in immunoassays to determine alteration in expression of the Bsk protein in biological samples isolated from mammals afflicted with a disease or disorder.
  • biological samples include, but are not limited to, mammalian tissues, biopsy tissue samples, brain and testis biopsy samples, pathology and tissue samples.
  • diseases that can be assessed by these immunoassays include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's, epilepsy and schizophrenia.
  • alteration in level we mean an increase or decrease of the Bsk protein relative to a control sample. Alterations is also meant to encompass substitution, deletion or addition mutants of the Bsk protein.
  • Such mutations can be determined by using the antibodies of this invention known to react with specific epitopes of the Bsk protein and determining which epitopes are present relative to a control.
  • the antibodies of this invention can therefore be used in immunoassay to diagnose, assess or prognose a mammal afflicted with the disease.
  • antibodies of this invention may be used to purify the Bsk receptor protein or portions thereof.
  • Immunoaffinity chromatography can be defined by conventional methods known to one skilled in the art (Ausubel et al. (eds) (1987) in "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.).
  • rabbit antisera containing antibodies which specifically recognize the Bsk receptor protein is used to detect said protein in western blot analysis.
  • Such antisera is directed to a synthetic peptide representing a unique portion of the Bsk protein, preferably the synthetic peptide having the sequence (in single letter amino acid code) HGSLGSGAYRSVGE corresponding to amino acid positions 798-811 in the predicted sequence of the Bsk protein (FIG. 2; SEQ ID NO:2).
  • a cysteine residue is attached to the amino terminal end of the peptide to allow linkage of the peptide to a carrier molecule.
  • the peptide is synthesized by standard methods on a automated peptide synthesizer and purified by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).
  • HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
  • the purified peptide is conjugated to a carrier, preferably keyhole limpet, via the terminal cysteine.
  • rabbits are immunized with the Bsk peptide conjugated to carriers.
  • the animal receives similar booster doses and antisera titer is assessed by ELISA assay. Satisfactory levels of antisera are obtained when the anti-peptide antibody titer reaches a plateau. This antibody can be used in the standard immunoassays described above.
  • the anatomical boundaries of the limbic system is continually been redefined since it is a complex system and there were no good markers for limbic neurons. If the expression of a particular gene in a specific type of cell indicates a shared property of these cells, then the previously isolated monoclonal antibody against a limbic associated membrane protein (LAMP) (Levitt P (1984) Science 223: 299-301) and the antibodies of this invention will serve to better define the limbic system. Study of LAMP and Bsk expression may identify previously unknown neurons involved in limbic function. Thus, yet another embodiment of this invention is use of the Bsk reactive antibodies in assays to define neurons potentially involved in limbic system function.
  • LAMP limbic associated membrane protein
  • the expression of Bsk protein will be studied in developing embryos using immunocytochemistry.
  • Peptide anti-Bsk antibodies will be affinity-purified using antigen peptides.
  • Embryo sections from different stages will be stained using affinity-purified anti-Bsk antibodies using conventional methods (Harlow and Lane (eds.) (1988) In “Antibodies A Laboratory Manual”, Cold Springs Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Ausubel et. al., (eds) (1987). In “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,” John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.).
  • PDGFR-beta platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta
  • FGFR-1 fibroblast growth factor receptor-1
  • M-CSFR Cold- Stimulating Factor Receptor
  • M-CSFR human macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor
  • M-CSF receptor is expressed mostly in hematopoietic cells and with no expression detected in the brain (Sherr et al., (1985) Cell 41:665-676) M-CSF is also commercially available. M-CSFR has been successfully used in M-CSFR/Trk chimeric receptor studies.
  • M-CSFR/Bsk chimeric receptor is constructed containing the M-CSFR extra cellular domain and the Bsk transmembrane and intracellular domains.
  • the chimeric receptor can contain the M-CSFR extracellular domain and transmembrane domain and intracellular domain of Bsk. Either of these chimeric receptors can be expressed under the LTR promoter in NIH/3T3 to study whether it has a mitogenic effect or in PC12 cells to determine whether it induces differentiation.
  • Bsk kinase An alternative embodiment to study the biological function of Bsk kinase involves the use of constitutively active Bsk kinase receptors.
  • Receptor kinase mediate functions of their ligands through activation of their kinase activity which lays dormant without ligand stimulation. It is possible to create mutant forms of the receptors which are constitutively active, bypassing the need of ligand stimulation. These truncated activated receptors will function in a similar fashion as that of the ligand-stimulated normal receptors.
  • Constitutively active Bsk Receptor tyrosine kinases can be generated by a variety of mutations, many of which involve gross structural changes such as truncation or replacement of the N- or C-terminal domains of the receptors (Wilks, (1993) Advances in Cancer Research 60:43-73). However, activating point mutations also exist (Roussel et al., (1990) Oncogene 5:25-30). A single point mutation in the extracellular domain of M-CSF receptor was able to activate an otherwise wild-type protein (Roussel et al., (1990) Oncogene 5:25-30). Receptors with such mutations resemble the ligandactivated receptors more closely than those with large structural changes, since the substrate interaction sites of the receptors are most likely conserved.
  • a full length Bsk receptor kinase can be cloned into a retroviral vector. Due to the low fidelity of reverse transcriptase, retroviral replication introduces mutations frequently into genes in the viral genome (Temin, (1988) Cancer Research 48:1697-1701).
  • the virus can be propagated in NIH/3T3 cells, and the virus with the activating mutations is selected by its ability to form foci, since it has been shown that activated versions of the normal receptors such as trk (Coulier et al., (1990) Mol. Cell. Biol.
  • Virus 10:4202-4210 can cause transformation in fibroblasts, much like the ligand-activated normal trk (Jing et al., (1992) Neuron 9:1067-1079 and trk B (Klein et al. (1991) Cell 66:395-453).
  • the foci will be picked and propagated separately.
  • Virus from each foci will be characterized by Northern blot analysis of viral RNA, Southern blot analysis of integrated viral DNA and Western blot of Bsk protein to study the changes which activates the kinase. Viruses carrying the activated Bsk kinase with the least amount of structural changes can be used for further studies.
  • the activated Bsk gene can be cloned with a RT-PCR technique which combines the use of reverse transcription and PCR reactions and expressed using herpes simplex virus- or adenovirus-based vectors (LeGal LeSalle et al., (1993) Science 259:988-990).
  • an expression vector for receptor tyrosine kinases into mammalian cells results in coupling of the introduced receptor to the secondary messenger systems within the host cell and thus the potential to mediate the biological activities of the host cell (Jing et al. (1992) Neuron 9:1067-1079).
  • An expression vector containing the Bsk nucleic acid sequence is introduced into a host cell and expressed to produce functional Bsk receptor integrated in the membrane of the host cell.
  • Such recombinant cell systems are useful for developing and assessing candidate drugs or ligands that would mediate Bsk receptor activity.
  • the type of biological activity mediated by the recombinant Bsk receptor will depend on the cell type and stage of differentiation of the cell or tissue.
  • Examples of biological activities that would identify a Bsk candidate drug, ligand or ligand analogs includes, but are not limited to, detection of autophosphorylation of the Bsk receptor protein, stimulation of DNA or protein synthesis, induction of the transformed phenotypes in cells such as NIH/3T3 and phosphorylation of cytoplasmic proteins.
  • another embodiment of the present invention relates to a bioassay for testing candidate drugs or ligands of the Bsk receptor for the ability to affect biological activity mediated by the Bsk receptor, comprising the steps of (a) contacting a candidate drug or ligand with a cell producing functional Bsk receptors and (b) evaluating the biological activity mediated by said contact.
  • Examples of cell into which the Bsk receptor can be introduced and functionally expressed includes but is not limited to, PC12 cells, primary hippocampal neurons, and NIH/3T3 cells.
  • Examples of sources for candidate drugs or ligands with which to expose recombinant cells expressing the Bsk receptor includes, but is not limited to, medium from primary cultures of hippocampal neurons, conditioned medium from PC12 cells or NIH/3T3 cells and mammalian brain homogenates.
  • the Bsk nucleic and sequence shown in FIG. 2 is cloned into an adenoviral vector and introduced by infection into PC12 cells. Integration of a functional Bsk receptor into the PC12 membrane can be determined by surface labeling. PC12 cells expressing the Bsk receptor can be exposed to the candidate drug or ligand and the cells evaluated for neurite outgrowth. Cells transfected with vector alone serve as controls. It is preferred that the cells into which the Bsk expressions vector is introduced are not expressing endogenous Bsk receptor.
  • the Bsk sequence encoding the Bsk receptor (FIG. 2, SEQUENCE ID NO:1) is cloned into a retroviral expression vector and introduced into NIH/3T3 cells by infection.
  • the NIH/3T3 expressing the Bsk receptor are exposed to candidate drugs or ligands and the ability of the candidate drug or ligand to induce transformation evaluated.
  • the ligand or candidate drug may be isolated by conventional biochemical techniques.
  • the present invention further relates to therapeutic methods using the constitutively activated form of the Bsk receptor protein.
  • the constitutively activated form of the Bsk protein can be generated and delivered into the limbic system of patients with limbic system neurodegenerative disease, disorder or injury to promote or enhance limbic system neuron regeneration or growth.
  • the constitutively active Bsk receptor must be directly micro-injected into the diseased or injured region of the mammal's limbic system.
  • appropriate gene delivery systems include, but are not limited to, viruses, retroviruses or adenoviruses. Conventional methods can be used to microinject a therapeutically effective amount of the gene delivery system into the mammalian brain (L. Heimer and M. Robards (eds) (1981) "Neural Anatomical Track-Tracing Methods" Plenum Press, New York).
  • the constitutively active form of the Bsk receptor to be used in the gene delivery systems will be determined by the in vitro bioassays described above for evaluating the constitutive forms of the Bsk receptor.
  • stem cell populations for either neuronal or glial cells can be genetically engineered to express a functional Bsk receptor.
  • Such cells recombinantily expressing the Bsk receptor can be transplanted to the diseased or injured region of the mammal's limbic system (S. B., Donnet and A. Djorklund (eds) (1992) "Neural Transplantation. A Practical Approach” Oxford University Press, New York).
  • embryonic tissue or fetal neurons can be genetically engineered to express functional Bsk receptor and transplanted to the diseased or injured region of the mammal's limibic system. The feasibility of transplanting fetal dopamine neurons into Parkinsonian patients has recently been demonstrated. (Lindvall et al. Archives of Neurology (1989) 46:615-631).
  • the extracellular domain of a receptor can be used as a probe to screen an expression cDNA library for the Bsk ligand or ligands.
  • placental alkaline phosphatase will be fused to the extracellular domain of a receptor, and positive clones will be detected by the presence of alkaline phosphatase activity.
  • An alternative approach is to isolate the putative Bsk ligand is to utilize the findings that coexpression of a receptor and its ligand in the same cells results in uncontrolled proliferation and malignant transformation (Klein et al., (1991) Cell 66:395-403; Gazit et al., (1984) Cell 39:89-97).
  • a eukaryotic cDNA expression library can be transfected into cells expressing a receptor, and the presence of a ligand will create an autocrine loop, resulting in a transformed phenotype.
  • This approach has been successfully used by Miki et al. (1991) Science 251:72-75 to isolate the receptor of the keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) using cells expressing KGF.
  • KGF keratinocyte growth factor
  • the Bsk receptor protein can be expressed in a cell line or in Xenopus oocytes by the recombinant techniques described above and its ligand stimulated activation of tyrosine kinase activity, as detected by an anti-phosphotryosine antibody (UBI, Happauge, N.Y.) can be used to assay and purify the ligand.
  • UBI anti-phosphotryosine antibody
  • cells expressing the recombinant Bsk receptor can be exposed to mammalian brain extract. The brain extracts can be fractionated by chromatography and used to assay for the presence of the ligand activity. Once an activity is identified in a particular fraction, it can be further purified by conventional biochemical techniques.
  • the Bsk extracellular domain can be used to screen a random peptide library (Cull et al., (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sic. USA 89: 1865-1869; Lam et al., (1991) Nature 354:82-84). Peptides isolated can be assayed for their ligand activity in the above described assays for drug screening.
  • the Bsk ligand is expressed as a recombinant gene in a cell, so that the cells may be transplanted into a mammal, preferably a human in need of gene therapy.
  • a genetic sequence which encodes for all or part of the Bsk ligand is inserted into a vector and introduced into a host cell.
  • diseases include, but are not limited to, neurodegenerative diseases or disorders, Alzheimer's, schizophrenia, epilepsy, neoplasms and cancer.
  • the means by which the vector carrying the gene may be introduced into the cell include, but is not limited to, microinjection, electroporation, transduction, or transfection using DEAE-dextran, lipofection, calcium phosphate or other procedures known to one skilled in the art (Sambrook et. al. (eds) (1989) in "Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y.).
  • cells into which the vector carrying the gene may be introduced include, but are not limited to, continuous culture cells, such as COS, NIH/3T3 and PC12.
  • Means of administering the Bsk ligand or parts thereof include, but are not limited to, oral, sublingual, intravenous, intraperitoneal, percutaneous, intranasal, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, or enteral.
  • Local administration to the afflicted site may be accomplished through means known in the art, including, but not limited to, topical application, injection, and implantation of a porous device containing cells recombinantly expressing the infusion, implantation of a porous device in which the Bsk ligand or portions thereof are contained.
  • such porous device may also contain recombinant host cells expressing the Bsk ligand.
  • successful candidate drugs developed in the bioassays of this invention may be administered by the above mentioned methods.
  • Bsk was isolated by screening an adult mouse brain expression cDNA library in lambda ZAP II vector (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) using the anti-phosphotyrosine antibody 4G10 (gift of Derby Morrison at Advanced Biological Laboratory, Frederick, Md.; also available from UBI, Hauppauge, N.Y.).
  • This antibody is specific for tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and does not cross-react with phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, phosphohistidine, or tyrosine sulfate (Kanakura et al., (1991). J. Biol. Chem. 266:490-495).
  • the primary antibody was detected by alkaline phosphatase conjugated secondary antibody and visualized with the phosphatase substrates (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.). Of the 1,000,000 clones examined, 270 positive clones were isolated. Lambda phage of the positive clones were then hybridized with a probe made from one of the positive clones. After stringent washes (0.1 ⁇ standard saline citrate (SSC), 0.5% sodium-dodecyl-sulfate (SDS), 68° C.)! of the hybridized filters, clones hybridizing to the probe were detected by X-ray autoradiography. These clones were scored as different isolates of the same gene.
  • SSC standard saline citrate
  • SDS sodium-dodecyl-sulfate
  • cDNA clones were sequenced using a dideoxynucleotide chain termination sequencing reaction (Sanger et al., (1977). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463-5467). Sense and antisense oligonucleotide primers based on partial sequences obtained from sequencing reactions using the T7 or Sk primers were used to complete sequencing with T7 DNA polymerase (USB, Ohio).
  • Nylon membranes containing 2 micrograms of poly A + mRNA from each tissue indicated were purchased from Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif. (Catalog #7767-1). Prehybridization and hybridization were carried out at 42° C. in 50% formamide, 0.5M NaCl, sheared heat-denatured salmon testes DNA (100 microgram/ml), 7% SDS, 0.25M sodium phosphate (pH 7.2), and 1 mM EDTA, containing 32 P! -labeled probe at a final concentration of 10 6 to 10 7 cpm/ml.
  • the murine Bsk probe was the 4.3 kb gel purified fragment, labeled by nick-translation.
  • the 4.3 kb fragement is contained in the pBsk plasmid deposited with ATCC on Dec. 7, 1993, ATCC Deposit Number 75620.
  • Posthybridization washes were as follows: twice with 2 ⁇ standard saline citrate (SSC) and 0.1% SDS at 25° C. for 25 min, twice in 25 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.5) and 0.1% SDS at 50° C. for 25 min, and twice in 25 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.5) and 1.0% SDS at 50° C. for 25 min.
  • SSC standard saline citrate
  • the filters were exposed to Kodak X-AR film at -70° C. with DuPont Cronex Lightning Plus intensifying screens.
  • Partial sequences of the remaining four genes indicate that they are novel tyrosine kinases.
  • Northern blot analysis indicated that one is expressed only in adult brain (FIG. 1), with no detectable signals in heart, spleen, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney or testis. This gene is therefore designated Bsk, for brain specific kinase.
  • Bsk DNA sequence SEQ ID NO:1
  • deduced amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:2
  • FIG. 2A-C A putative initiation ATG codon, preceded by two stop codons is located beginning at nucleotide position 418.
  • the -3 position of the initiation codon SEQ ID NO:1, nucleotide position 415) is a conserved A residue for translational initiation (Kozak, (1989) J. Cell. Biol. 108:229-241).
  • An open reading frame extends for 877 amino acids.
  • a putative signal peptide found at the N-terminal (SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 1-51), and a transmembrane domain in the middle (SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid position 413-433) of the protein indicate that it is a transmembrane protein (FIG. 2A-C) (Singer, (1990).
  • FOG. 2A-C transmembrane protein
  • Alberts BM Spudich JA (ed) "Annual Review of Cell Biology Volume 6" Annual Reviews Inc., pp 247-296).
  • the predicted molecular weight of Bsk after removing the signal peptide is 98600 Daltons (Da).
  • the extracellular domain of Bsk contains a cysteine-rich domain (SEQ ID NO:2 - residues 52-306) and a region homologous to fibronectin type III (SEQ ID NO:2 residues 307-412) characterized by the presence of aromatic and hydrophobic residues and lack of conserved cysteine residues (FIG. 3A-D).
  • the cytoplasmic domain contains the characteristic features of protein tyrosine kinase catalytic domains, including a typical ATP-binding site (GXGXXG) (Hanks et al., (1988). Science 241:42-52) and the receptor kinase signature motif as well as the characteristic sequence motifs for the eph/elk family of receptors (FIG. 2A-C). This indicates that Bsk is a putative growth factor receptor with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity.
  • Oncogene 8:1807-1813 over a region of 470 amino acids covering the transmembrane domain, the ATP-binding and catalytic domain (FIG. 3A-D).
  • Bsk may represent the murine homolog of cek-7 receptor-like kinase in chicken. Consistent with this observation, cek-7 is also expressed exclusively in the brain (Sajjadi and Pasquale, (1993). Oncogene 8:1807-1813). Bsk is also highly related to sek (Gilardi-Hebenrasi et al., (1992). Oncogene 7:2499-2506) and cek 8 (Sajjadi and Pasquale (1993).
  • Cek8 shares a 93.5% homology at the amino acid level over the known coding region of 849 amino acids with sek, a putative receptor kinase implicated in the segmental patterning of the hindbrain and mesoderm (Nieto et al. Development 116:1137-1150). Thus, cek8 is likely to be a chicken homolog of the previously isolated mouse sek gene.
  • the extracellular domains of the eph/elk family receptor kinases have a long cysteine rich region and two fibronectin III-like repeats (Pasquale, (1991) Cell Regulation 2:523-534) (FIG. 3A-D).
  • Bsk is unique among the eph/elk family members in that a 170 amino acid region including 9 out of 19 conserved cysteines of the eph/elk family is missing in the extracellular domain (FIG. 3A-D). This region also contains one of the two fibronectin III-like repeats. Thus Bsk has only part of the cysteine-rich domain and one fibronectin III-like repeat.
  • the Northern blot analysis revealed at least two distinct mRNA species (FIG. 1).
  • the largest band seen in brain in the Northern Blot Analysis (FIG. 1) is possibly DNA or unprocessed Bsk mRNA.
  • Bsk is also unique in that there is an additional cysteine rich juxta-membrane domain not present in other members of the family (FIG. 3A-D).
  • Bsk Encodes a Protein of Approximately 105 kD in Mouse Brain.
  • the peptide CHGSLGSGAYRSVGE (amino acids positions 798 to 811 of SEQ ID NO:2, with a cysteine residue attached to the amino terminal end of the peptide) was assembled on a peptide synthesizer (Applied Biosystems Model 430A) using t-butoxycarbonyl chemistry.
  • the peptide was severed from the resin and side chain protecting groups with hydrogen fluoride containing 10% anisole and 19% dimethylsulfide, triturated with ether, and extracted into 60% acetonitrile and 50% acetic acid. Following lyophilization the peptide was purified by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The purified peptide gave a correct amino acid composition.
  • the peptide was conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) via the terminal cysteine using the bifunctional reagent, m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Pierce, Rockford, Ill. ). The ratio of peptide to KLH was 1:1 (w:w).
  • KLH keyhole limpet hemocyanin
  • a rabbit was immunized with 1 mg of the peptide-KLH conjugate in Freund's complete adjuvant. After 1 month, boosts were begun with 0.1 mg of the conjugate in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (100 microliters of 1 mg/ml) at two week intervals. Boosts were continued until satisfactory peptide antisera was obtained. Antisera levels were determined by Western Blots of mouse brain extracts.
  • the rabbit anti-peptide antibody was used to perform western blot (FIG. 4) analysis.
  • the blot was blocked and incubated in 3% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in 1X Tris Buffered Saline (TBS) (Ausubel et al. (eds) (1987) "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.).
  • BSA Bovine Serum Albumin
  • TSS 1X Tris Buffered Saline
  • the anti-peptide antibody was used at a dilution of 1:500.
  • a 105 kD protein was detected by the anti-serum (FIG. 4, lane 2) but not by the pre-immune serum (FIG.
  • Bsk alkaline phosphatase-conjugated secondary antibody (BioRad, California).
  • the apparent molecular weight of Bsk is somewhat higher than the predicted molecular weight (98.6 kD). This discrepancy might be explained by glycosylation of the extracellular domain, as two possible glycosylation sites are present in the extracellular domain (FIG. 2A-C), as well as other post-translational modifications.
  • the proteins at approximately 90 kd and 46 kd detected by the antiserum (FIG. 4, lane 2) but not by the pre-immune serum (FIG. 4, lane 1) are potentially different forms of the Bsk protein.
  • mice obtained from, the mouse facility at ABL, Fredrick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Md.
  • the tissues were then dehydrated through 30%, 50%, 90%, 100% ethanol sequentially and placed in xylenes for 1 hour, then paraffin-embedded. Sections were 5 microns thick and affixed to poly-lysine coated glass slides. The slides were then prepared for hybridization by washes as follows: Xylenes twice for 10 minutes, 100% ethanol twice for one minute, 70% ethanol, 30% ethanol, one minute each, then PBS twice.
  • Post-fixation was achieved in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min, then washed in PBS for one minute, in 0.3% Triton X-100 in PBS for 15 min and PBS for one minute (twice).
  • the slides were then permeabilized with Proteinase K (one microgram/ml in 0.1M Tris pH 8 and 50 mM EDTA pH 8) for 30 min at 37° C., then washed in PBS twice. Slides were then acetylated in 400 ml of 0.1M (12 ml/liter) triethanolamine with 1 ml of acetic anhydride for 10 minutes.
  • the infralimbic cortex and anterior cingulate cortex exhibited moderate levels of hybridization with somewhat lower levels in the prefrontal cortex (FIG. 5A). At the level of the septum and anterior commissure the highest degree of hybridization was still observed in the PCL of the piriform cortex, the tenia tecta, and the indusium griseum (FIG. 5B, FIG. 6B). Elevated levels of hybridization were also present in the medial septum and vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band within the area that contains the cholinergic basal forebrain neurons (FIG. 5B-C).
  • FIG. 7A-B, 7A'-B' Horizontal and sagittal sections confirmed this regional distribution of hybridization intensity (FIG. 7A-B, 7A'-B').
  • sagittal sections which included portions of the olfactory bulb, exhibited extensive hybridization in the mitral cell layer and the granule cell layer of this structure (FIG. 7A).
  • the expression of the growth factor receptor in a particular type of neuron is an indication of its trophic function in these neurons.
  • the expression of the NGF receptor trk in the sensory, cranial, and spinal ganglia (Martin-Zanca et al. (1990) Genes & Development 4:683-694), and in the adult basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (Holtzman et al., (1992): Neuron 9:465-478) correlates well with the response of these neurons to NGF (Levi-Montalcini R, (1987) Science 237:1154-1162). Therefore, the receptor for limbic neuron survival factors should be expressed in the limbic neurons and possibly also in developmentally or functionally related neurons.
  • BDNF receptor trk-B, and NT-3 receptor trk-C are expressed in the hippocampus, they are also widely expressed elsewhere, in both the central and peripheral nervous systems (Klein et al. (1990) Development 109:845-850; Tessarollo et al. (1993) Development 118:463-475).
  • FGF central and peripheral nervous systems
  • Bsk is predominantly expressed in the hippocampus and its associated limbic structures. Therefore it may function as a growth or trophic factor receptor for neurons of the limbic system, particularly for the hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons since the expression is highest in these cells.
  • Specific degeneration of CA3 hippocampal neurons is associated with pharmacologically intractable partial complex seizures (Nadler JV (1989): Seizures and neuronal death in the hippocampus. In Chan-Palay V, Koehler C (eds): "The Hippocampus-New Vistas" Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp 463-481).
  • the high level of Bsk expression in the limbic system suggests it may be important for the function and survival of limbic neurons.
  • Cells including, but not limited to, PC12 cells, and NIH/3T3 cells are grown to 80% confluence in 100-mm tissue culture dishes, washed twice in methionine/ cysteine-free DMEM, (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Media) starved in the same medium supplemented with 5% dialyzed fetal calf serum for 30 min, and then incubated for 2, 4, or 8 hours in the same medium with Translabel (Amersham, 70% 35 S! cysteine). The labeled cells will be lysed and immunoprecipitated as described below.
  • methionine/ cysteine-free DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Media
  • Cells expressing the chimeric receptor will be grown to 80% confluence on 175-cm 2 flasks. Cells are washed twice with PBS, removed gently will a cell scraper, and resuspended in PBS containing 6 U of lactoperoxidase, 20 U of glucose oxidase and 2 mCi of 125 I!. After 0, 10, and 20 min, 140 ul of 1M glucose will be added. At 30 min, the reaction is stopped by three washes in PBS. The cells are then lysed and immunoprecipitated using appropriate antibodies.
  • the extracts are then cleared twice by 15 min incubation with protein A Sepharose (40 ul of 10% gel for 200 ul of cell extracts). After a 5 min. centrifugation, supernatants are mixed with appropriate antibodies adsorbed on protein-A-Sepharose and incubated for 2 h at 4° C. with agitation. The samples are then centrifuged for 30 sec and the pellets are washed 6 times (3 times with Wash Buffer, 3 times with Wash Buffer supplemented with 500 mM NaCl, 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS). The washed pellets are then resuspended in SDS-PAGE buffer and subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis. Labeled proteins are visualized by autoradiography.
  • Binding Buffer 100 mM HEPES, pH 7.6, 120 mM NaCl, 5 mM KC1, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM glucose, 15 mM sodium acetate, 1% dialyzed BSA), and resuspended in 5 ml of Binding Buffer to determine the cell number. 400 ul of this cell suspension is then incubated with 125 I!
  • Confluent cell monolayers in 12-well culture dishes will be grown to quiescence in medium containing 0.5% fetal bovine serum for 24 hours (h). DNA synthesis will be stimulated by adding various amount of M-CSF. Eighteen hours later, cells will be labeled for 4 h with 0.5 uCi methyl- 3 H! thymidine at 3 TBq/mmol, then washed three times with ice cold PBS, incubated with 1 ml of 10% trichloroacetic acid for 30 min, and washed twice with the same solution at 4° C. Cells will be then solubilized in 0.5 ml of 0.2N NaOH, 1% SDS for 1 h at 37° C. and the lysate will be brought to neutral pH with Tris buffer. The incorporated radioactivity will be determined in a liquid scintillation counter.
  • Ad-CR Recombinant Adenovirus
  • the recombinant adenovirus is constructed by in vivo homologous recombination between an adenoviral vector containing the chimeric receptor and an adenovirus deletion mutant Ad1327 genomic DNA (Stratford-Perricaudt et al., (1992) J.Clin Invest 90:626-630) in 293 cells which expresse adenoviral early genes (Graham et al., (1977) J. Gen Virol 36:59-72). Briefly, 293 cells are cotransfected with 5 ug of linearized plasmid pAd-CR and 5 ug of the large Cla I fragment (2.6-100 mu) of Ad5 DNA.
  • plaques containing recombinant adenoviruses are isolated and amplified in 293 cells, viral DNA is purified, and recombinant adenovirus plaques containing the Bsk chimeric receptor are identified by restriction cleavage and Southern analysis.
  • Hippocampi are dissected from E18 rat embryos and collected in F10 medium (Gibco). The tissues are minced, rinsed twice with F10 medium, and the cells are dissociated by gentle trituration and collected by low speed centrifugation (500 rpm) for 30 sec. The pellet is washed again in the same medium by resuspension and centrifugation.
  • the cell pellets are resuspended in MEM supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM glutamine, 25 U/ml Penicillin and 25 ug/ml Streptomycin and plated onto polyorthinine (10 ug/ml) and laminin (10 ug/ml) coated 6 mm microtiter wells at a density of 70,000 cells/cm 2 .
  • the medium is changed to a serum-free medium containing 25 ug/ml insulin, 100 ug/ml transferrin, 60 uM putrescine, 20 nM progesterone, 30 nM selenium, 6 mg/ml glucose (Lu et al., (1991) Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 88:6289-6292 and penicillin-streptomycin (25 U/ml and 25 ug/ml, respectively), and infected with the viruses at a moi of 10, 5, 2, and 1 respectively.
  • M-CSF is added at the same time.
  • Medium is changed every 3-4 days with the readdition of fresh factors.
  • Cells are fixed with 4% (v/v) paraformaldehyde for 4 h at 4° C., permeabilized with 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100 in PBS for 15 min, and blocked with 10% FCS in PBS for 1 h. The cells are then incubated with anti-neurofilament 200 antibody for 1 h at room temperature, washed twice with PBS containing 10% FCS, and incubated with the secondary antibody (horseradish peroxidase-conjugated) for 1 h.
  • the cells are incubated with 0.2% (w/v) O-phenylenediamine and 0.02% (v/v) H 2 O 2 in citrate buffer (50 mM) for 30 min.
  • the reaction is stopped by adding an equal volume of 4.5M H 2 SO 4 .
  • Product formation will be quantitated by reading the optical density of the reaction product at 492 nm.
  • Cells are rinsed twice with PBS, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min at room temperature, and blocked with 10% FCS in PBS containing 0.1% Triton X-100. The cells are then incubated with the primary antibodies overnight at 4° C., washed with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS three times and incubated with Texas Red conjugated secondary antibodies for 90 min at room temperature. The cells are washed again and positive cells are visualized under a fluorescent microscope.
  • High-affinity GABA uptake will be measured as described (Ip et al., (1991) J. Neuro Sci. 11:3124-3134).
  • Cells are washed in the GABA uptake buffer containing 140 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 1 mM KH 2 PO 4 . 1 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 6 mg/ml glucose, 1 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , and 0.1% BSA. Following washing, cells are incubated in the GABA uptake buffer for 5 min at 37° C. 3 H!- GABA is then added to a final concentration of 12 nM, and incubated at 37° C. for 10 min.
  • the assay is performed by heating a portion of the supernatant at 65° C. for 10 min to inactivate background phosphatase activity and then measuring the optical density at 405 nm after incubation with 1M diethanolamine (pH 9.8), 0.5 mM MgCl 2 , 10 ⁇ M L-homoarginine (a phosphatase inhibitor), 0.5 mg/ml BSA, and 12 mM p-nitropheyl phosphate.
  • 1M diethanolamine pH 9.8
  • 0.5 mM MgCl 2 10 ⁇ M L-homoarginine (a phosphatase inhibitor)
  • 0.5 mg/ml BSA 0.5 mg/ml BSA
  • 12 mM p-nitropheyl phosphate The highest alkaline phosphatase-expressing clone will be selected for the purification of AP-tag-Bsk fusion protein.
  • the supernatant will be incubated with a monoclonal antibody to placental alkaline phosphatase coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose. Specifically bound protein will be eluted with 144 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 50 mM sodium citrate (pH 2.5), and will be then immediately neutralized with 1M HEPES (pH 8.0). The purified protein will be used as a probe to screen a brain expression library.
  • a brain expression cDNA library will be plated at a density of 50,000 pfu per 150 mm plate. Duplicate filters will be lifted from the plates and rinsed in TBST. The filters are then blocked with TBST with 10% goat serum, rinsed once in TBST, and incubated in TBST with APtag-Bsk probe for 3 hours. The Filters are then washed in three changes of TBST, 3 min each.
  • the positive clones will be detected by color formation when the filters are incubated with alkaline phosphatase substrates 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP, 0.017 mg/ml) and nitrobluetetrazolium (NBT, 0.33 mg/ml) in 100 mM Tris-HC1 (pH 9.5), 100 mM NaCl, 5mM MgCl 2 .
  • a non-specific alkaline phosphatase inhibitor, L-homoarginine (10 mM) will be added if required.
  • M-CSFR/Bsk a combination of restriction enzyme digestion and PCR approaches will be used to ligate the M-CSFR extracellular domain and the Bsk transmembrane and intracellular domains (M-CSFR/Bsk).
  • An alternative construct, M-CSFR/Bsk 2 would contain M-CSFR extracellular and transmembrane domains and Bsk intracellular domain.
  • the chimeric receptor will be expressed under the LTR promoter in the pMEX expression vector (Oskam et al., (1988) Proc. Natl Acad Sci. USA 85:2964-2968) in NIH/3T3 cells to study whether it has a mitogenic effect and in PC12 cells to study whether it induces differentiation.
  • the expression cassette pMEX-CR (CR for chimeric receptor) will be cotransfected with pSV2Neo. Neo-resistant colonies will be grown up and tested for the expression of the chimeric receptor using immunoprecipitation or Western blot analysis (Ausubel et. al., (1987) In "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.).
  • chimeric receptor is properly localized in the cytoplasmic membrane.
  • cell surface labeling will be performed (see Methods). The labeled cells will be lysed and immunoprecipitated with either Bsk- or M-CSFR-specific antibodies. If the receptor is properly localized on the cell surface, a positive labeling of the chimeric product should result.
  • 125 I!-MCSF will be used to bind intact transfected or control cells.
  • concentration of MCSF needed to cause 50% inhibition of maximal 125 I! -MCSF binding to the cells will be determined (IC50). Scatchard analysis will be performed on the binding competition data (Scatchard, (1949) Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci 51:660-672) and the dissociation constant (Kd) will be calculated. Cells transfected with vector alone will be used as controls.
  • the chimeric receptor will be immunoprecipitated with either M-CSFR or Bsk-specific antibodies from M-CSF-stimulated cells for various times, using unstimulated cells as a control.
  • the precipitated receptor will be analyzed by the Western blot technique with anti-phosphotyrosine antibody to examine the activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase.
  • the biological effects of the stimulation of the chimeric receptor with M-CSF will be studied in NIH/3T3 cells by stimulation of DNA synthesis under low serum (calf serum at 0.3%) conditions.
  • low serum calf serum at 0.3%) conditions.
  • the effects of the chimeric receptor activation on neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells will be studied.
  • Bsk kinases which are constitutively active. Constitutively active Bsk receptor will be generated and their effect on NIH/3T3 and PC12 cells studied.
  • the selection for receptor activation is transforming activity. However, this may select for mitogenic function of the mutated receptor rather than the true biological function. Although there is no clear evidence to rule out this possibility, studies of trk family receptors indicate that the mitogenic and differentiation functions of the receptors are similar (Klein et al., (1991) Cell 66:395-403; Glass et al., (1991) Cell 66:405-413). The phenotypes of receptor activation are determined by the cell types in which the receptor is expressed (Squinto et al. 1991 Cell 65:885-893; Glass et al., (1991) Cell 66:405-413); Klein et al., (1991) Cell 66:395-403).
  • trk activation by NGF in PC12 cells induces neurite outgrowth and in NIH/3T3 cell induces transformation. Therefore, it is likely that this selection will give biologically relevant mutations.
  • mutated, especially truncated Bsk may have a different function from that of the ligand-activated wild type Bsk kinase because of possibly different subcellular localization and/or lack of certain substrate interaction sites.
  • tpr-trk which is an activated from of trk with a substitution of the N-terminal domain by tpr sequences, showed that it retains the function of ligand-activated trk protein (Greco et al., (1993) Cell Growth and Diff 4:539-546). Tpr-trk induces neurite outgrowth when introduced in PC12 cells (Greco et al., (1993) Cell Growth and Diff 4:539-546. Therefore, mutation- and ligand-activated receptors do share at least part of the functions. Furthermore, the possible differences of subcellular localization and substrate interaction sites between the mutation- and ligand- activated Bsk receptors will be minimized by using only the viruses which have the least amount of structural changes in Bsk.
  • a vector system which is based on an adenovirus will be used to deliver CSFR/Bsk into hippocampal neurons from E18 rat embryos.
  • This vector has been used successfully in the nervous system and no cytotoxicity was observed (Le Gal La Salle at al., (1993) Science 259:988-990).
  • long term expression of genes was achieved with this vector (Le Gal La Salle et al., (1993) Science 259:988-990).
  • a vector plasmid, pAd-CR, containing a chimeric receptor expressing cassette driven by M-MLV LTR promoter will be constructed.
  • the cassette will be bordered at the 5' end by the left end (map unit 0-1.3) of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) and at the 3' end by sequences from mu 9.4-17 (Blg II - Hind III fragment of Ad5) to allow homologous recombination with the adenoviral genome to generate recombinant virus (see Methods section).
  • the resulting recombinant virus will lack the early gene E1 and therefore will be replication incompetent except when provided with E1 function in 293 cells (Graham et al., (1977) J Gen Virol 36:59-72.
  • hippocampal neuron culture will be established in polyornithine- and laminin-coated plastic dishes in MEM supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and glutamine and infected with Ad-CR or control virus. Later, the medium will be changed to a serum-free medium containing hormone supplements (see Methods). M-CSF will be added at this time. After various times of treatment, cells will be stained with antibody against neuron-specific enolase to identify neurons in the culture. The number of neurons in cultures infected with virus containing M-CSFR/Bsk or with viral vector only will be compared to determine the effect of MCSF stimulation on the survival of specific neurons.
  • Hippocampal neurons will be infected with virus carrying M-CSF/Bsk and treated with various concentrations (0.001-10ng/ml) of M-CSF for 8 days and neurofilament protein levels will be measured by ELISA (see Methods) Neurons infected with vector alone will be used as controls.
  • ELISA see Methods
  • Infected neurons will be treated with various concentrations of M-CSF (0.001-100ng/ml). After 8 days of treatment, cells will be stained with anti-GABA receptor or anti-calbindin antibodies to study the effect of Bsk activation on the survival of various neuronal populations. In addition to the immunostaining with different antibodies, we will study the changes of the high-affinity update for GABA after various times of M-CSF treatment. 3 H!-GABA binding by the neurons in cultures infected with the virus expressing the chimeric receptor or with control virus will be compared (see Methods). ⁇ -alanine will be used to inhibit the uptake of GABA into non-neuronal cells (Ip et al., (1991) Neurosci 11:3124-3134).
  • An alternative vector system which is based on a herpes virus may also be used to deliver CSFR/Bsk into hippocampal neurons (Anderson et al., (1992) Human Gene Therapy 3:487-499; Fink et al., (1992) Human Gene Therapy 3:11-19).
  • APtag-1 contains a set of restriction sites for the insertion of the region of the Bsk cDNA encoding the extracellular domain. Downstream of the insertion sites is the full length sequence of SEAP, which will be fused to the upstream sequence.
  • the 5' end of the Bsk cDNA sequence will be inserted into APtag-1, including sequences encoding the Bsk secreation signal peptide and the entire extracellular domain, ending immediately before the first hydrophobic amino acid of the transmembrane region.
  • the resulting plasmid will therefore encode a fusion protein with the Bsk extracellular domain joined to SEAP.
  • the fusion protein will be expressed from a Moloney Murine Leukemia virus LTR promoter.
  • the fusion construct will be transfected into NIH/3T3 cells which have been shown to express high levels of an APtag-Kit fusion protein (Flanagen and Leder, (1990) (Cell 63:185-194).
  • the fusion construct will be cotransfected with a selectable marker plasmid pSV2neo, and selected with G418 (400-800 ug/ml). Neo-resistant colonies will be grown in 96-well plates and screened for secretion of SEAP activity into the media (see Methods section, example 4).
  • the fusion protein will be concentrated, purified and used as a probe to screen a cDNA expression library from mammalian brain, preferably mouse.
  • Three types of positive clones are expected: 1) clones having background alkaline phosphatase activity; 2) clones which bind non-specifically to the fusion protein; and 3) clones encoding the putative Bsk ligand.
  • Background phosphatase clones will be positive without the added probe in the presence of alkaline phosphatase substrates.
  • extracts from bacteria expressing these clones will be used to stimulate the tyrosine kinase activity of Bsk in a Bsk expressing NIH/3T3 cells. Only the ligand will be able to stimulate activation of Bsk tyrosine activity.
  • the receptor probe in NIH/3T3 cells rather than bacteria to receive proper glycosylation of the Bsk extracellular domain. It has however been demonstrated that glycosylation of growth factors is often not necessary for their activity. For example, M-CSF (Metcalf, (1986) Blood 67:257-267 and NGF (available from Boehringer Mannheim) produced in bacteria are biologically active. Therefore, the glycosylated receptor probe should interact properly with its ligand synthesized by E. coli in a phase plaque during the screening.
  • M-CSF Methodcalf, (1986) Blood 67:257-267 and NGF (available from Boehringer Mannheim) produced in bacteria are biologically active. Therefore, the glycosylated receptor probe should interact properly with its ligand synthesized by E. coli in a phase plaque during the screening.
  • the probe can also be used in histological staining mammalian on brain sections to localize expression of the ligand. Determination of the loci of express in of the Bsk ligand will allow for biochemical purification of the ligand from that tissue cell source further for analysis.
  • An alternative approach to isolate the Bsk ligand is to utilize a functional screening approach.
  • Full length cDNA of Bsk will be cloned into an expression vector pMEX under a MMLV LTR promoter.
  • the Bsk expression vector will be co-transfected into NIH/3T3 cells together with pSV2Hygro containing a hygromycin ⁇ -phosphotransferase gene which confers hygromycin resistance (Gritz and Davies, (1983) Gene 25:179-188).
  • the transfected cells with be selected with hygromycin B at a concentration of 350 ug/ml.
  • the resistant clones will be grown in 12-well plates and screened for Bsk expression with anti-Bsk antibody by Wester blot analysis.
  • the vector system developed by Miki et al. (1989) Gene 83:137-146 will be used to construct a directional eukaryotic cDNA library from mouse brain mRNA.
  • the vector has a MMLV LTR promoter for the expression of cDNA inserts and a SV40 early promoter-driven Neo gene as a selectable marker.
  • this vector contains a pBR322 replication origin, and the cDNA inserts of interest can be obtained easily by Not I digestion of crude Lambda DNA preparations and ligation followed by transfection of bacterial cells.
  • the cDNA library will be constructed as described in detail by Miki et al. (1989) Gene 83:137-146.
  • the cDNA library will be transfected into Bsk-expressing NIH/3T3 mouse embryo fibroblasts. Foci from transfected cells will be isolated and tested for Neo resistance to eliminate the background transformation in NIH/3T3 cells. Genomic DNA from each Neo-resistant transformant will be cleaved by Not I which will release the plasmid. Digested DNA will be ligated under diluted conditions and used to transform competent bacteria. Plasmid DNA from each focus will be purified and transfected in NIH/3T3 cells with or without Bsk expression. The transformation by the putative Bsk ligand but not other oncogenes is expected to be dependent on the present of Bsk expression. Putative clones will then be further analyzed by sequencing, the encoded protein purified and assayed for Bsk binding.

Abstract

The present invention provides a nucleic acid sequence encoding a receptor-like tyrosine kinase designated, Bsk. The Bsk receptor-like tyrosine kinase is expressed predominantly in the brain, specifically the limbic system. Also included is the receptor encoded by the Bsk nucleic acid sequence and antibodies reactive with the Bsk protein. This invention further relates to bioassays using the nucleic acid sequence, receptor protein or antibodies of this invention to diagnose, assess, or prognose a mammal afflicted with neurodegenerative disease. Therapeutic uses for the Bsk receptor-like tyrosine kinase are also provided. This invention also relates to the ligand for the Bsk receptor, and diagnostic and therapeutic uses for the Bsk ligand.

Description

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/177,812, filed on Jan. 4, 1994 now abandoned.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention is in the field of the neurotrophic receptors and their ligands. More specifically this invention relates to the receptor-like tyrosine kinase Bsk and its corresponding ligand and to therapeutic and diagnostic applications which employ the Bsk receptor or ligand.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Neuronal degeneration has been shown to be involved in many neurological disorders (Price et al, (1987). In Wiley and Chichester (eds): "Selective neuronal death" Ciba Foundation Symposium 126, pp. 30-48). For example, in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), neuronal loss has been reported in a variety of brain structures including the locus coeruleus and raphe complex of the brainstem, the basal forebrain cholinergic system, amygdala, hippocampus and neocortex (Coleman and Flood, (1987) Neurobiol. Acing 8:521-545). Although the pattern of cell loss in AD has similarities to that in the aging brain, the speed and amount of loss is far greater. The most striking loss of neurons compared with the age-matched controls occurs in the hippocampal region, with a loss of up to 57% of the pyramidal cells (Coleman and Flood (1987) Neurobiol. Aging 8:521-545). These observations indicate that the hippocampus is a key structure in the neurobiology of AD. The extent of cell loss is most evident in the CA1 and subiculum, while areas CA3 and CA4 and granular cells of the dentate gyrus are largely spared (Van Hoesen and Hyman, (1990) Progress in Brain Research 83: 445-457).
Neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus has long been known to be a site of pathological change in epileptic patients (Nadler, (1989). In Chan-Palay V., Koehler C. (eds): "The Hippocampus-New Vistas" Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 463-481). CA3-CA4 damage is nearly always observed in pharmacologically intractable complex partial (limbic, temporal lobe, psychomotor) epileptic patients, while CA1 damage is also frequently observed (Nadler, (1989) in Chan-Palay V., Koehler C (eds) "The Hippocampus New Vistas" Alan R. Liss, Inc. pp 463-481). Since frequently prominent cell loss in the CA3-CA4 area may be present without obvious damage to area CA1, it is believed that the CA3 pyramidal cells and the morphologically diverse CA4 neurons are most vulnerable. Although the relationship between hippocampal sclerosis and seizure has been a controversy for over a century, recent studies with animal models indicate that although other etiologies may exist, hippocampal lesions can arise from prolonged febrile convulsions/status epilepticus (Sutula, (1990) Epilepsia 31:545-554). Furthermore, whatever the original cause of the sclerotic lesion, the damage serves as a focus for hyperexcitability and eventually causes spontaneous seizures. Formation of aberrant excitatory circuitry through axon sprouting and permanently depressed synaptic inhibition were thought to be two major factors linking hippocampal damage to the subsequent development of an epileptic focus (Nadler, (1989) in Chan-Palay V, Koehler C (Eds): "The Hippocampus-New Vistas" Alan R. Liss, Inc. pp. 341-355; Sutula, (1990) Epilepsia 31 (Suppl. 3): 545-554.
Hippocampal defects are also suggested to be involved schizophrenia (Bogerts et al., (1985) Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 42: 784-791). Significant reductions in hippocampal volume were found in chronic schizophrenic patients, possibly due to degenerative shrinkages of unknown etiology (Bogerts et al., (1985) Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 42: 784-791; Bogerts et al., (1993) Biol. Psychiatry 33: 236-246). The reduced volume in hippocampus and other limbic system structures such as amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus was associated with increased severity of psychopathology (Bogerts et al., (1993) Biol. Psychiatry 33: 236-246). These changes in the limbic system in schizophrenia are rather specific since the volumes of the putamen, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and the red nucleus of the stria terminalis did not differ between patients and controls (Bogerts et al., (1993) Biol. Psychiatry 33: 236-246).
The hippocampus and its adjacent, anatomically related entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices play an essential, although temporal, role for establishing long-term memory for facts and events (Squire and Zola-Morgan, (1991) Science 253: 1380-1386). The widespread and reciprocal connections between hippocampal structures and neocortex may explain their degeneration in a variety of neurological diseases. Understanding the mechanism of neuronal survival in the hippocampus may help to develop effective treatments of neural degenerative diseases or disorders as well as neoplasms involving neuronal tissue.
It is known that growth/trophic factors promote the differentiation and survival of neurons during development and regeneration of the nervous system, with specific types of neurons requiring specific growth factors (Barde, (1989) Neuron 2:1525-1534). Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been a model trophic factor (Levi-Montalcini, (1987) Science 237:1154-1162; Black et al., (1990) In Nilsen-Hamilton M (ed): "Current Topics In Developmental Biology Volume 24" Academic Press Inc., pp. 161-182; Gage et al., (1991) In Bothwell M (ed): "Current Topics In Microbiology and Immunology Volume 165 " Springer Verlag, pp. 71-92). In vivo depletion by inducing an auto-immune reaction to NGF in rats and guinea pigs during embryonic development results in the destruction of up to 85% of the dorsal root ganglion neurons and the destruction of peripheral sympathetic neurons (Dolkart-Gorin and Johnson, (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:5382-5386; Johnson et al., (1980) Science 210:916-918). Other polypeptide growth factors also have trophic effects on neurons (Nieto-Sampedro and Bovolenta, (1990) In Storm-Mathison, Zimmer, Otterson (eds): "Progress in Brain Research Vol 83" Elsevier, pp 341-355). The fibroblast growth factors are well known mitogens (Gospodarowicz, (1990) In Nilsen-Hamilton M (ed): "Current topics in developmental biology Vol 24." Academic Press Inc., pp 57-93) that exhibit potent neurotrophic activity both in vivo (Anderson et al., (1988). Nature 332:360-361) and on cultured neurons from many brain regions (Morrison et al., (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7537-7541; Morrison (1987) Neuroscience Res. 17:99-101; Walicke (1988) J. Neurosci. 6:1114-1121; Wagner (1991) In Bothwell M. (ed): "Current topics in microbiology and immunology Vol 165." Springer Verlag., pp 95-112) including the hippocampus (Walicke et al., (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:3012-3016). Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was shown to enhance the survival and process outgrowth of primary cultures of subneocortical telencephalic neurons of neonatal rat brain (Morrison et al., (1987) Science 238:72-75). Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Leibrock et al., (1989) Nature 341:149-152), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) (Maisonpierre et al., (1990) Science 247:1446-1451; Hohn et al., (1990) Nature 344:339-341) are two neurotrophic factors cloned recently. BDNF, related to NGF, has neurotrophic activity for sensory and retinal ganglion neurons and rescues spinal motor neurons in vivo from axotomy-induced cell death (Sendtner et al., (1992) Nature 360:757-759; Yan et al., (1992) Nature 360: 753-755). NT-3 was shown to support the growth of neurons from dorsal root ganglion, the neural placode-derived nodose ganglion and the paravertebral chain sympathetic ganglion (Maisonpierre et al., (1990) Science 247: 1446-1451).
The potential involvement of growth factors in neuronal regeneration after injuries or in disease is demonstrated by the fact that brain injury causes a time dependant increase in neurotrophic activity at the lesion site (Nieto-Sampedro et al., (1982) Science 217: 860-861). Furthermore, intraventricular administration of NGF prevents retrograde degeneration of axotomized septal cholinergic neurons (Hefti (1986) J. Neurosci. 6:2155-2162; Kromer (1987) Science 235: 214-216; Williams et al., (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:9231-9235) and local application of BDNF prevents spinal motor neuron degeneration after nerve section (Sendtner et al., (1992). Nature 360:757-759; Yan et al., (1992). Nature 360: 753-755). The therapeutic value of neurotrophic factors for nerve injury or neurodegenerative disease is shown by the observation that the symptoms of the mice with progressive motor neuropathy is relieved by the use of ciliary neurotrophic factor (Sendtner et al., (1992). Nature 358:502-504).
Growth/trophic factors function through their receptors which often possess intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity (Schlessinger and Ullrich (1992) Neuron 9:383-391). In general, the receptor protein-tyrosine kinases are composed of an extracellular domain, a membrane spanning domain and a catalytic domain (Schlessinger and Ullrich (1992) Neuron 9:383-391). Binding of the growth/trophic factor to the extracellular domain activates the catalytic domain inside the cell and results in phosphorylation of substrates within the cell. Activation of the receptor is believed to mediate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth and differentiation. In addition, many receptor tyrosine kinases are expressed during embryogenesis and are therefore believed to be important in the mechanisms underlying oncogenesis and cellular growth (Wilks, AF (1993) Advances in Cancer Research 60:43-73). Increased or aberrant expressions of tyrosine kinase receptors has been associated with several human neoplasms, including glioblastomas, squamos carcinomas, breast and gastric cancers (Carpenter, (1987) Ann. Rev. Biochem 56, 881-914; Muller et al., (1988) Cell 54, 105-109; Kraus et al (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86: 9193-9197). Recently it has been demonstrated that expression of trk, the tyrosine kinase receptor for NGF, in neuroblastomas is indicative of a better prognosis for the patient than those patient's having neuroblastomas without trk expression (Kogner P. et al., (1993) Cancer Research 53:2044-2050; Nakagawara et al., (1993) New Eng. J. Med. 328:847-854; Suzuki, T. et al (1993) J. Natl. Can Inst 85:377-384), suggesting a therapeutic value for the neurotrophic receptors as well as their ligands.
Recently a new family of tyrosine kinase receptors have been discovered and designated the eph/elk family (Zhou et al., (1994) J.Neuroscience Res. 37(1):129-143; Sajjadi et al., (1993) Oncogene 8:1807-1813). Members of the eph/elk family have also been demonstrated to have aberrant expression in certain neoplasm as well as transforming ability. For example, elevated expression of Eph has been detected in carcinomas of the liver, lung, breast and colon (Hirai et al., (1987) Science 238:1717-1720; Maru et al., (1988) Mol. Cell Biol. 8:3770-3776). Over expression of eph has been shown to result in transformation of cells as well as development of tumors in nude mice (Maru et al., (1990), Oncogene 5:445-447). The distinct tissue distributions of the eph/elk family members suggest that each member may serve specific functions.
These findings demonstrate the extensive involvement of growth factors and their corresponding receptors in the survival of neurons and their potential therapeutic value in neurodegenerative diseases, neuronal disorders and neoplasms. Alzheimer's, epilepsy and schizophrenia are but a few of the diseases associated with degeneration of neurons in the hippocampus. However, the factors needed for the regeneration and survival of neurons in the hippocampus and its associated limbic system are poorly characterized. The identification of factors which promote the regeneration and survival of these neurons will be potentially useful in the treatment of the neoplasms, neurodegenerative diseases or disorders and brain injuries involving the limbic system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is a general object of the present invention to provide a nucleic acid sequence which encodes for the Bsk receptor-like tyrosine kinase.
It is another object of this invention to provide a recombinant molecule comprising a vector and all or part of the nucleic acid sequence encoding Bsk.
It is another object of this invention to produce recombinant proteins encoded by all or part of the nucleic acid sequence encoding Bsk.
It is a further object of this invention to provide monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies reactive with the Bsk protein.
It is an object of this invention to provide methods of detecting the Bsk gene or Bsk mRNA in a biological sample.
It is another object of this invention to provide methods of detecting the Bsk protein in a biological sample.
It is an object of this invention to provide diagnostic methods for human disease, in particular neurodegenerative diseases, disorders, and injuries.
It is a further object of this invention to provide methods for therapeutic uses involving all or part of the nucleic acid sequence encoding Bsk and its corresponding protein.
It is a further object of this invention to provide assays for the isolation of the ligand or ligands capable of activating the Bsk receptor and therapeutic uses for said ligand.
It is another object of this invention to provide assays for the assessment and development of drugs capable of activating the Bsk receptor and therapeutic uses for said drugs.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 shows Northern blot analysis of Bsk expression in adult mouse tissues. Two micrograms of poly A+ mRNA from each adult tissue as indicated were hybridized with a nick-translated 4.3 kilobase (kb) Bsk cDNA probe (upper panel). RNA size markers (in kb) are indicated at left. Middle and lower panels show the results of the rehybridization of the same blot with a human actin and a rat glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) probe respectively.
FIG. 2A-C shows complete nucleotide sequence of the longest Bsk cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO: 1) and predicted amino acid sequence. (SEQ ID NO:2) The putative signal peptide at the very N-terminal and the transmembrane domain are underlined, the potential N-linked glycosylation sites are underlined by dashed lines, the glycine and lysine residues of the ATP-binding domain are circled. Regions characteristic of the eph/elk family receptor tyrosine kinases are boxed. The stop codons preceding and after the coding region are indicated by asterisks.
FIG. 3A-D shows comparison of the amino acid sequences from all the known members of the eph/elk family. The human and mouse homologs of cek4, hek and mek, are not included. Only 19 residues of cek6 (SEQ ID NO:12), which is not known to be present in its rat homolog elk are shown. Amino acid residues in cek7 (SEQ ID NO:13), Sek (SEQ ID NO:3), cek 8 (SEQ ID NO:10), cek4 (SEQ ID NO:4, cek5 (SEQ ID NO:5), elk (SEQ ID NO:6), cek10 (SEQ ID NO:7), cek9 (SEQ ID NO:11), eck (SEQ ID NO:8), eph (SEQ ID NO:9), and eek (SEQ ID NO:14 ) identical to the corresponding residues in Bsk are represented by dots. In the region deleted in Bsk (SEQ ID NO:2), sequences of sek (SEQ ID NO:3) is shown and amino acid residues in other family members identical to that of sek are also replaced by dots to show homology among the family members. Putative signal peptide sequences and transmembrane domains are underlined. The conserved cysteine residues among the eph/elk family members are indicated by asterisks; The conserved amino acid residues in the two fibronectin III-like domains are marked with "#" and "+" signs respectively. The cysteines in the juxtamembrane domain in Bsk are identified by circles. Amino acids are numbered at the left of the sequences. The amino acid sequences were analyzed using the PILEUP program (Genetics Computer Group, Inc., Wisconsin). References for the sequences are as follows: sek, Gilardi-Hebenstreit et al., (1992) Oncogene 7: 2499-2506; cek4 and mek4: Sajjadi et al., (1991) The New Biologist 3: 769-778; cek6,7, 8, 9, 10: Sajjadi and Pasquale, (1993) Oncogene 8: 1807-1813; elk, Lhotak et al., (1991) Mol. and Cell Biol. 11: 2446-2502; eek, Chan and Watt, (1991) Oncogene 6: 1057-1061; eck, Lindberg and Hunter, (1990) Mol. and Cell Biol. 10: 6316-6324.; eph, Hirai et al, (1987) Science 238: 1717-1720; hek, Wicks et al., (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 89: 1611-1615.
FIG. 4 shows Western blot analysis of Bsk product. 100 μg of a head extract of 16.5 day mouse embryo was loaded in each lane and fractionated using SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. The membranes were then probed with pre-immune serum (lane 1) and an anti-serum raised against a peptide CHGSLGSGAYRSVGE near the C-terminal of the predicted amino acid sequence of Bsk (lane 2) respectively. The Bsk protein is indicated by the *.
FIGS. 5A-F and 5A'-F'shows coronal views of Bsk expression in adult mouse brain. FIGS. 5A-F, show dark field views of coronal sections of one month old mouse brain hybridized to 35 S!-labeled Bsk-specific anti-sense probe. Boxed regions are shown in more details in FIG. 6. FIGS. A'-F' show neighboring sections of those shown in A-F respectively and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and photographed in bright field. AF: anterior frontal cortex, AC: anterior cingulate cortex; IL: infralimbic cortex; TT: tenia tecta; Pir: Piriform cortex; OT: olfactory tubercle; IG: indusium griseum; DB: vertical diagonal band/media septum; HDB: horizontal limb diagonal band; HP: hypothalamus; DG: dentate gyrus; CM: central medial thalamic nuclei; AD: amygdaloid area.
Magnification 12.5×.
FIGS. 6A-C and 6'-6C' shows magnified view of Bsk-positive regions boxed in FIG. 5. FIG. 6A shows the darkfield view of the piriform cortex showing the Bsk-positive pyramidal cell layer and the Bsk-negative olfactory tubercle (OT). FIG. 6B shows the darkfield view of indusium griseum (IG). FIG. 6C shows the darkfield view of the CA1-CA2-CA3 (CA:Cornu Ammonis) junction region, showing the different intensities of Bsk signal in CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. FIGS. 6A'-C' show hematoxylin and eosin staining of the corresponding regions as shown in FIGS. 6A-C respectively.
Magnification 50×.
FIGS. 7A-B, 7A'-B' shows sagittal view of Bsk expression in adult brain. FIGS. A and A' show the dark and bright field view of neighboring parasagittal sections hybridized with Bsk probe or silver-stained respectively. FIGS. 7B and B' show dark and bright field view (silver stained tissue) of the hippocampal area. H: hippocampus; OB: olfactory bulb; S: subiculum. Magnification 12.5×.
FIGS. 8A-B, 8A'-B' shows Bsk expression in mouse embryo. FIGS. A and A' show the dark and bright field view of the parasagittal sections of a 16.5 day mouse embryo. FIGS. B and B' show detailed dark and bright field views of the embryonic telencephalon respectively. Tel: telencephalon; Mes: mesencephalon; G: gonadal tissue; E; external zone; I: intermediate zone; S: subventricular zone; V: ventricular epithelium. Magnification 12.5×.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
For the purpose of a more complete understanding of the invention, the following definitions are described herein. Nucleic acid sequences includes, but is not limited to, DNA, RNA or cDNA. Nucleic acid sequence as used herein refers to an isolated and purified nucleic acid sequence. Bsk messenger RNA (mRNA) refers to one or more RNA transcripts which are a product of the Bsk gene. Substantially homologous as used herein refers to substantial correspondence between the nucleic acid sequence of Bsk shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:1) and that of any other nucleic acid sequence. Substantially homologous means about 60% homology, preferably by about 75% homology, and most preferably about 85% homology between the Bsk sequence and that of any other nucleic acid sequence. In addition, substantially homologous as used herein also refers to substantial correspondences between the amino acid sequence of the Bsk receptor shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:2) and that of any other amino acid sequence.
Ligand refers to any protein or proteins that may interact with the Bsk receptor binding domain. Said ligand or ligands may be soluble or membrane bound. The ligand or ligands may be a naturally occurring protein, or synthetically or recombinantly produced. The ligand may also be a nonprotein molecule that acts as ligand when it interacts with the Bsk receptor binding domain. Interactions between the ligand and receptor binding domain include, but are not limited to, any covalent or non-covalent interactions. The receptor binding domain is any region of the Bsk receptor molecule that interacts directly or indirectly with the Bsk ligand.
Drugs include, but is not limited to proteins, peptides, degenerate peptides, agents purified from conditioned cell medium, organic molecules, inorganic molecules, antibodies or oligonucleotides. Other candidate drugs include analogs of the Bsk ligand or ligands. The drug may be naturally occurring or synthetically or recombinantly produced. One skilled in the art will understand that such drugs maybe developed by the assays described below.
The term neurodegenerative disease includes, but is not limited to, states in a mammal which can include chromosomal abnormalities, degenerative growth and developmental disorders, viral infections, bacterial infections, brain injuries, or neoplastic conditions. Examples of neurodegenerative diseases that can be diagnosed, assessed or treated by methods described in the present application include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia. In a preferred embodiment diseases characterized by neurodegeneration in the limbic system are diagnosed, assessed or treated by methods disclosed in the present application. Examples of injuries to the nervous system include, but are not limited to, stroke and cerebral ischemia due to stroke or cardiac arrest. Also considered within this definition is the treatment of injury to the nervous system. Further, neoplasms involving neuronal tissue may be diagnosed, assessed or therapeutically treated by methods suggested herein.
One skilled in the art will understand that the bioassays of the present invention may be used in the analysis of biological samples or tissues from any vertebrate species. In a preferred embodiment mammalian biological samples or tissues are analyzed.
Tissue includes, but is not limited to, single cells, whole organs and portions thereof. Biological samples include, but are not limited to, tissues, primary cultures of mammalian tissues, biopsy specimens, pathology specimens, and necropsy specimens. Mammal includes but is not limited to, humans, monkeys, dogs, cats, mice, rats, pigs, cows, pigs, horses, sheep and goats.
The present invention provides a nucleic acid sequence which encodes a novel receptor tyrosine kinase. This novel receptor like kinase is designated Bsk (brain specific kinase). Bsk is highly related to the eph/elk receptor like kinase family and thus represents a new member of this family. The Bsk receptor-like tyrosine kinase appears to have its greatest level of expression in the hippocampus and its associated limbic structures. The cDNA sequence for Bsk is shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO:1), the deduced amino acid sequence for the Bsk protein is also shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:2).
The nucleic acid sequence for Bsk shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:1), represents a preferred embodiment of the invention. It is, however, understood by one skilled in the art that due to the degeneracy of the genetic code variations in the cDNA sequence shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:1) will still result in a DNA sequence capable of encoding the Bsk protein. Such DNA sequences are therefor functionally equivalent to the sequence set forth in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:1) and are intended to be encompassed within the present invention. Further, naturally occurring allelic variations in a given species of the Bsk nucleic acid sequence shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:1) are also intended to be encompassed by the present invention.
The predicted Bsk protein is about a 105 kd transmembrane polypeptide with structural features which identify it as a member of the eph/elk family of tyrosine kinase receptors. This invention further includes the Bsk protein or peptides having substantially the same function as the Bsk receptor like tyrosine kinase protein of this invention. Such proteins or polypeptides include, but are not limited to, a fragment of the protein, or a substitution, addition or deletion mutant of the Bsk protein. This invention also encompasses proteins or peptides that are substantially homologous to the Bsk receptor. Substantially homologous means about 80% homology, preferably about 90% homology, and most preferably about 95% homology between the Bsk receptor and any another amino acid sequence or protein.
This invention also provides a recombinant DNA molecule comprising all or part of the Bsk nucleic acid sequence (SEQ. ID NO.:1) and a vector. Expression vectors suitable for use in the present invention comprise at least one expression control element operationally linked to the nucleic acid sequence. The expression control elements are inserted in the vector to control and regulate the expression of the nucleic acid sequence. Examples of expression control elements includes, but is not limited to, lac system, operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, yeast promoters and promoters derived from polymer, adenovirus, retrovirus or SV40. Additional preferred or required operational elements include, but are not limited to, leader sequence, termination codons, polyadenylation signals and any other sequences necessary or preferred for the appropriate transcription and subsequent translation of the nucleic acid sequence in the host system. It will be understood by one skilled in the art the correct combination of required or preferred expression control elements will depend on the host system chosen. It will further be understood that the expression vector should contain additional elements necessary for the transfer and subsequent replication of the expression vector containing the nucleic acid sequence in the host system. Examples of such elements include, but are not limited to, origins of replication and selectable markers. It will further be understood by one skilled in the art that such vectors are easily constructed using conventional methods (Ausubel et al., (1987) in "Current Protocols in Molecules Biology", John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.) or commercially available.
Another aspect of this invention relates to a host organism into which recombinant expression vector containing all or part of the Bsk nucleic acid sequence has been inserted. The host cells transformed with the Bsk nucleic acid sequence of this invention includes eukaryotes, such as animal, plant, insect and yeast cells and prokaryotes, such as E. Coli. The means by which the vector carrying the gene may be introduced into the cell includes, but is not limited to, microinjection, electroporation, transduction, or transfection using DEAE-dextran, lipofection, calcium phosphate or other procedures known to one skilled in the art (Sambrook et al. (1989) in "Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y.).
In a preferred embodiment, eukaryotic expression vectors that function in eukaryotic cells are used. Examples of such vectors include but are not limited to vaccinia virus vectors, adenovirus vectors, herpes virus vector and the baculovirus transfer vectors. Preferred eukaryotic cell lines include, but are not limited to, COS cells, CHO cells, HeLa cells, NIH/3T3 cells and PC12 cells. In a particularly preferred embodiment the recombinant Bsk protein expression vector is introduced into mammalian cells, such as NIH/3T3, COS or CHO, to ensure proper glycosylation of the Bsk protein.
In one embodiment the expressed recombinant Bsk protein may be detected by methods known in the art which include Coomassie blue staining and Western blotting using antibodies specific for the Bsk protein.
In a further embodiment, the recombinant protein expressed by the host cells can be obtained as a crude lysate or can be purified by standard protein purification procedures known in the art which may include differential precipitation, molecular sieve chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, gel electrophoresis, affinity, and immunoaffinity chromatography and the like. (Ausubel et. al., (1987) in "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.). In the case of immunoaffinity chromatography, the recombinant protein may be purified by passage through a column containing a resin which has bound thereto antibodies specific for the Bsk protein (Ausubel et. al., (1987) in "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.).
The nucleic acid sequence or portions thereof, of this invention are useful as probes for the detection of expression of the Bsk gene in normal and disease tissue. Therefore, another aspect of the present invention relates to a bioassay for detecting messenger RNA encoding the Bsk protein in a biological sample comprising the steps of (a) contacting all or part of the nucleic acid sequence of this invention with said biological sample under conditions allowing a complex to form between said nucleic acid sequence and said messenger RNA, (b) detecting said complexes and, (c) determining the level of said messenger RNA.
RNA can be isolated as whole cell RNA or as poly(A)+ RNA. Whole cell RNA can be isolated by a variety of methods known to those skilled in the art. (Ausubel et al., (1987) on "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology", John Wiley and Sons, New York). Such methods include extraction of RNA by differential precipitation (Birnboim, H. C. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res., 16:1487-1497), extraction of RNA by organic solvents (Chomczynski, P. et al. (1987) Anal. Biochem., 162:156-159) and the extraction of RNA with strong denaturants (Chirgwin, J. M. et al. (1979) Biochemistry, 18:5294-5299). Poly(A)+ RNA can be selected form whole cell RNA by affinity chromatography on oligo-d(T) columns (Aviv, H. et al. (1972) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 69:1408-1412). Examples of methods for determining cellular messenger mRNA levels for step (c) include, but is not limited to Northern blotting (Alwine, J. C. et al. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 74:5350-5354), dot and slot hybridization (Kafatos, F. C. et al. (1979) Nucleic Acids Res., 7:1541-1522), filter hybridization (Hollander, M. C. et al. (1990) Biotechniques; 9:174-179), RNase protection (Sambrook et. al., (1989) in "Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y.), polymerase chain reaction (Watson, J. D. et al. (1992) in "Recombinant DNA" Second Edition, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York) and nuclear run-off assays (Ausubel et. al., (1987) in "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" Supplement 9 (1990); John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.).
Detection of complexes in Step (b) of the bioassay can also be carried out by a variety of techniques. Detection of the complexes by signal amplification can be achieved by several conventional labelling techniques including radiolabels and enzymes (Sambrook et. al., (1989) in "Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y.; Ausubel et al., (1987) in "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology", John Wiley and Sons, New York N.Y.). Radiolabelling kits are also commercially available. The Bsk nucleic acid sequence used as a probe in step(c) of the bioassay may be RNA or DNA. Preferred methods of labelling the DNA sequences are with 32 P! using Klenow enzyme or polynucleotide kinase. Preferred, methods of labeling RNA or riboprobe sequences are with 32 P! or 35 S! using RNA polymerases. In addition, there are known non-radioactive techniques for signal amplification including methods for attaching chemical moieties to pyrimidine and purine rings (Dale, R. N. K. et al. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 70:2238-2242; Heck, R. F. (1968) S. Am. Chem. Soc., 90:5518-5523), methods which allow detection by chemiluminescence (Barton, S. K. et al. (1992) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114:8736-8740) and methods utilizing biotinylated nucleic acid probes (Johnson, T. K. et al. (1983) Anal. Biochem., 133:125-131; Erickson, P. F. et al. (1982) J. of Immunology Methods, 51:241-249; Matthaei, F. S. et al (1986) Anal. Biochem., 157:123-128) and methods which allow detection by fluorescence using commercially available products. Non-radioactive labelling kits are also commercially available.
Examples of biological samples that can be used in this bioassay include, but are not limited to, primary mammalian cultures, continuous mammalian cell lines, mammalian organs such as brain and testes, tissues, biopsy specimens, neoplasms, pathology specimens, and necropsy specimens.
In a preferred embodiment, a 32 P! radiolabelled Bsk probe, as exemplified in Example 1, is used. Preferably the Bsk probe is the 4.3 kilobase nucleic acid fragment shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:2). The complete 4.3 kb Bsk cDNA (FIG. 2; SEQ ID NO:1) was cloned into the pBluescript vector and the resulting pBsk plasmid, deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852 USA on Dec. 7, 1993, and given ATCC Deposit Number 75620. The full length Bsk nucleic acid sequence can be isolated from the pBsk plasmid by digestion with EcoR1 and Xho1 restriction enzymes. This 4.3 kb nucleic acid sequence can then be nick translated and used as a probe. This probe is used to detect Bsk mRNA in a poly A+ RNA isolated from a variety of tissues or biological samples.
In another embodiment, combinations of oligonucleotide pairs based on the Bsk sequence in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO.:1) are used as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) primers to detect Bsk mRNA in a biological sample. These primers can be used in a method following the reverse transcriptase--Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) process for amplifying selected RNA nucleic acid sequences as detailed in Ausubel et al., (eds) (1987) In "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" Chapter 15, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y. The oligonucleotides can be synthesized by automated instruments sold by a variety of manufacturers or can be commercially prepared based upon the nucleic acid sequence of this invention.
The Bsk nucleic acid sequence or portions thereof (FIG. 2: SEQ ID NO:1) of this invention are useful to detect alterations of the Bsk gene in normal or diseased mammalian tissue. By alteration, we mean additions, deletions, substitutions or duplications in the Bsk gene sequence or gene amplification of the Bsk gene sequence. Therefore, another aspect of the present invention relates to an assay for detecting alterations of the Bsk gene in a biological sample comprising the steps of (a) contacting all or part of the nucleic acid sequence of this invention with genomic DNA isolated from a biological sample under conditions allowing a complex to form between said nucleic acid sequence and said genomic DNA, (b) detecting said complexes, and (c) determining alterations in said Bsk gene by comparison to a control sample.
Standard methods for isolating DNA from a biological sample, detecting alterations in a gene and detecting complex between the Bsk nucleic acid probe and genomic DNA sequences are provided in manuals such as Sambrook et al., (eds) (1989) "Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Mineral", Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y. and in Ausubel et al., (eds) (1987) in "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.
The Bsk nucleic acid sequences of this invention (FIG. 2; SEQ ID No.:1) can also be used as probes to isolate the Bsk homologs in other species. In a preferred embodiment the Bsk CDNA (FIG. 2; SEQ ID No.:1) is used to screen a mammalian CDNA library, positive clones are selected and sequenced. Examples of tissue sources from which the cDNA library can be synthesized includes, but are not limited to brain, testes and embryos. Preferably a human brain cDNA library is screened using the 4.3 kb Bsk cDNA as a probe (FIG. 2; SEQ ID No. 1). One skilled in the art will understand the appropriate hybridization conditions to be used to detect the homologs. Conventional methods for nucleic acid hybridization, construction of libraries and cloning techniques are described in Sambrook et al., (eds) (1989) In "Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual" Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y. and Ausubel et al., (eds) in "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" (1987), John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.
It is known that Bsk is a member of the eph/elk family of tyrosine kinase receptors. It also is known, as discussed above, that alterations in the levels of expression of members of the eph/elk family is associated with some neoplastic conditions. It is therefore another aspect of this invention to provide Bsk nucleic acid probes to be utilized in detecting alterations in the level of Bsk mRNA in biological sample isolated from a mammal afflicted with a disease. Examples of such diseases, include but is not limited to, neurodegenerative diseases or disorders and neoplasms. By alterations in the level of Bsk mRNA we mean an increase or decrease in the level of an RNA relative to a control sample or the appearance or disappearance of the Bsk mRNA relative to a control sample. Detection in the alterations of Bsk mRNA will allow for diagnosis or the assessment of the diseased state. As discussed previously, the presence of the trk receptors on neural tumors is predictive of a better prognoses for the afflicted individual. Therefore, alterations in the level of Bsk mRNA may be predictive of the prognosis for the afflicted mammal.
In another embodiment the nucleic acid of this invention can be used in in situ hybridization on mammalian tissues to determine the precise site of expression of the Bsk gene within a tissue. A preferred method of labeling the Bsk nucleic acid sequence is by synthesizing a 35 S!-labeled RNA probe by in vitro transcription utilizing the T7 polymerase. In the pBsk plasmid (ATCC Deposit # 75620) the sense strand is under the control of the T3 promoter, the antisense strand is under the T7 promoter. It is preferable that the probe be hydrolyzed to a probe length of approximately 200 base pairs (Zhou et al (1994) J. Neuroscience. Res. 37(1):129-143). Conventional methods for preparation of tissues for in situ, synthesis of probes and detection of signal can be found in Ausubel et. al., (eds) (1987) in "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology," John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y. Chapter 14 and Vander Ploeg, M., Raap A. K. (1988) In "New Frontiers in Cytology" Goerttler, K., Feichter, GE, Witte. S. (eds) pp 13-21 Springer-Verlag, N.Y. The probe is then contacted with mammalian tissue sections and in situ analyses performed by conventional methods. Examples of tissues that can be used include but is not limited to, mammalian embryos, adult mammalian tissues, such as brain and testes, biopsy specimens, pathology specimens and necrospy specimens.
Hippocampal neurons are formed from embryonic day 10 until birth (Angevine, (1965) Experimental Neurology Supp 2:1-70). In a preferred embodiment mouse embryos from day 9 to birth and newborn mouse pups will be sacrificed and fixed in 4% formalin, embedded and sectioned (Zhou et. al. (1994) J. Neuroscience Res 37(1): 129-143; Ausubel et. al. (eds) (1987) In "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" Chapter 14, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.). The sections can be hybridized to 35 S! -labeled Bsk antisense and sense control probe generated using the pBsk plasmid (ATCC # 75620). Messenger RNA from embryonic day 9 (E9) through birth will be extracted by conventional methods described above and analyzed using the Bsk nucleic acid sequence of this invention as a probe.
This invention further comprises an antibody reactive with the Bsk protein having the amino acid sequence defined in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) or a unique portion thereof. In this embodiment of the invention the antibodies are monoclonal or polyclonal in original. Bsk protein or peptides used to generate the antibodies may be from natural or recombinant sources or generated by chemical synthesis. Natural Bsk proteins can be isolated from mammalian biological samples. Biological samples include, but is not limited to mammalian tissues such as brain, testis, primary or continuous cultures of mammalian cells. The natural Bsk proteins may be isolated by the same methods described above for recombinant proteins. Recombinant Bsk proteins or peptides may be produced and purified by conventional methods. Synthetic Bsk peptides may be custom ordered or commercially made on the predicted amino acid sequence of the present invention (FIG. 2; SEQ ID:2) or synthesized by methods known to one skilled in the art (Merrifield, R. B. (1963) J. Amer. Soc. 85:2149). If the peptide is too short to be antigenic it may be conjugated to a carrier molecule to enhance the antigenicity of the peptide. Examples of carrier molecules, includes, but is not limited to human albumin, bovine albumin and keyhole limpet hemo-cyanin ("Basic and Clinical Immunology" (1991) Stites, D. P. and Terr A. I. (eds) Appleton and Lange, Norwalk Connecticut, San Mateo, Calif.).
Exemplary antibody molecules for use in the detection methods of the present invention are intact immunoglobulin molecules, substantially intact immunoglobulin molecules or those portions of an immunoglobulin molecules that contain the antigen binding site, including those portions of an immunoglobulin molecules known in the art as F(ab), F(ab'); F(ab')2 and F(v). Polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies may be produced by methods known in the art. (Kohler and Milstein (1975) Nature 256, 495-497; Campbell "Monoclonal Antibody Technology, the Production and Characterization of Rodent and Human Hybridomas" in Burdon et al. (eds.) (1985) "Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology," Volume 13, Elevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam). The antibodies or antigen binding fragments may also be produced by genetic engineering. The technology for expression of both heavy and light chain genes in E. Coli is the subject of the PCT patent applications: publication number WO 901443, WO 901443 and WO 9014424 and in Huse et al. (1989) Science 246:1275-1281.
The antibodies of this invention may react with native or denatured Bsk protein or peptides. The specific immunoassay in which the antibodies are to be used will dictate which antibodies are desirable. Antibodies raised against the C-terminus of the Bsk protein or against synthetic peptides homologous to the carboxy terminus, of the Bsk protein are desirable.
In one embodiment the antibodies of this invention are used in immunoassays to detect the novel Bsk receptor protein in biological samples. In this method the antibodies of the present invention are contacted with a biological sample and the formation of a complex between the Bsk protein and antibody is detected. Immunoassays of the present invention may be radioimmunoassay, Western blot assay, immunofluorescent assay, enzyme immunoassay, chemiluminescent assay, immunohistochemical assay and the like. (In "Principles and Practice of Immunoassay" (1991) Christopher P. Price and David J. Neoman (eds), Stockton Press, New York, N.Y.; Ausubel et al. (eds) (1987) in "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.). Standard techniques known in the art for ELISA are described in Methods in Immunodiagnosis, 2nd Edition, Rose and Bigazzi, eds., John Wiley and Sons, New York 1980 and Campbell et al., Methods of Immunology, W. A. Benjamin, Inc., 1964, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. Such assays may be a direct, indirect, competitive, or noncompetitive immunoassay as described in the art (In "Principles and Practice of Immunoassay" (1991) Christopher P. Price and David J. Neoman (eds), Stockton Pres, New York, N.Y.; Oellirich, M. 1984. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 22: 895-904) Biological samples appropriate for such detection assays include mammalian tissues, cell lines PC12 cells, pathology specimens, necropsy specimens, and biopsy specimens.
Proteins may be isolated from biological samples by conventional methods described in (Ausubel et al., (eds) (1987) in "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.).
As discussed previously, alterations in the level of expression of certain eph/elk family members has been associated with neoplastic disease. The antibodies of this invention can therefore be used in immunoassays to determine alteration in expression of the Bsk protein in biological samples isolated from mammals afflicted with a disease or disorder. Examples of biological samples include, but are not limited to, mammalian tissues, biopsy tissue samples, brain and testis biopsy samples, pathology and tissue samples. Examples of diseases that can be assessed by these immunoassays, include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's, epilepsy and schizophrenia. By alteration in level, we mean an increase or decrease of the Bsk protein relative to a control sample. Alterations is also meant to encompass substitution, deletion or addition mutants of the Bsk protein. Such mutations can be determined by using the antibodies of this invention known to react with specific epitopes of the Bsk protein and determining which epitopes are present relative to a control. The antibodies of this invention can therefore be used in immunoassay to diagnose, assess or prognose a mammal afflicted with the disease.
In another embodiment, antibodies of this invention may be used to purify the Bsk receptor protein or portions thereof. Immunoaffinity chromatography can be defined by conventional methods known to one skilled in the art (Ausubel et al. (eds) (1987) in "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.).
In a preferred embodiment rabbit antisera containing antibodies which specifically recognize the Bsk receptor protein is used to detect said protein in western blot analysis. Such antisera is directed to a synthetic peptide representing a unique portion of the Bsk protein, preferably the synthetic peptide having the sequence (in single letter amino acid code) HGSLGSGAYRSVGE corresponding to amino acid positions 798-811 in the predicted sequence of the Bsk protein (FIG. 2; SEQ ID NO:2). A cysteine residue is attached to the amino terminal end of the peptide to allow linkage of the peptide to a carrier molecule. (M. Bodanszky (1984) "Principles of Peptide Synthesis," Springer Verlag, New York, N.Y.). The peptide is synthesized by standard methods on a automated peptide synthesizer and purified by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The purified peptide is conjugated to a carrier, preferably keyhole limpet, via the terminal cysteine. Using conventional methods, rabbits are immunized with the Bsk peptide conjugated to carriers. Preferably about 0.5-2 milligrams (mg) of antigen in Freund's most adjuvant are used, most preferably about 1 mg of antigen in Freunds' adjuvant. The animal receives similar booster doses and antisera titer is assessed by ELISA assay. Satisfactory levels of antisera are obtained when the anti-peptide antibody titer reaches a plateau. This antibody can be used in the standard immunoassays described above.
The anatomical boundaries of the limbic system is continually been redefined since it is a complex system and there were no good markers for limbic neurons. If the expression of a particular gene in a specific type of cell indicates a shared property of these cells, then the previously isolated monoclonal antibody against a limbic associated membrane protein (LAMP) (Levitt P (1984) Science 223: 299-301) and the antibodies of this invention will serve to better define the limbic system. Study of LAMP and Bsk expression may identify previously unknown neurons involved in limbic function. Thus, yet another embodiment of this invention is use of the Bsk reactive antibodies in assays to define neurons potentially involved in limbic system function.
In another embodiment, the expression of Bsk protein will be studied in developing embryos using immunocytochemistry. Peptide anti-Bsk antibodies will be affinity-purified using antigen peptides. Embryo sections from different stages will be stained using affinity-purified anti-Bsk antibodies using conventional methods (Harlow and Lane (eds.) (1988) In "Antibodies A Laboratory Manual", Cold Springs Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Ausubel et. al., (eds) (1987). In "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology," John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.).
Growth/trophic factors exert their functions through their receptors. The binding of the ligands to the receptors activates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the receptors, thus transmitting the signals through the cell membrane. Studies of chimeric receptors consisting of extracellular domain of one receptor and the intracellular domain of a different receptor indicate that a common mechanism of signal transduction through the cell membrane is shared by different growth factor receptors (Riedel et al., (1986) Nature 324:68-70; Riedel et al., (1989) EMBO J. 8:2943-2954). The specificity of the receptors resides in the intracellular domain (Riedel et al., (1989) EMBO J. 8:2943-2954). This property allows the assessment of the biological function of the receptors before their ligands have been identified. Chimeras between the extracellular domain of a known ligand and intracellular domain of an orphan receptor can be activated by the known ligand, yet the biological function elicited is similar to the receptor with the intracellular domain (Riedel et al., (1989) EMBO J. 8:2943-2954). Numerous chimeric receptors including insulin receptor (IR)/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (Riedel et al., (1986) Nature 324:68-70), EGFR/IR (Riedel et al., (1989) EMBO J. 8:2943-2954), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-beta)/fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR-1; Mares et al., (1992) Growth Factors 6:93-101), and M-CSFR (Colony Stimulating Factor Receptor)/trk have been constructed and elicited proper biological responses.
This property can be utilized to construct a chimeric receptor using the extracellular domain of a receptor with known ligand and the intracellular domain of Bsk. It is preferable that there should be no expression of this receptor in the PC12 cells or the brain, since the endogenous receptor would complicate the interpretation of the results. It is also preferable that the ligand be available in sufficient quantity for biological assays. The human macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR) which mediates the differentiation of macrophage cells induced by M-CSF (Coussens et al., (1986) Nature 320:277-280) satisfies this criteria. The M-CSF receptor is expressed mostly in hematopoietic cells and with no expression detected in the brain (Sherr et al., (1985) Cell 41:665-676) M-CSF is also commercially available. M-CSFR has been successfully used in M-CSFR/Trk chimeric receptor studies.
In a preferred embodiment M-CSFR/Bsk chimeric receptor is constructed containing the M-CSFR extra cellular domain and the Bsk transmembrane and intracellular domains. Alternatively, the chimeric receptor can contain the M-CSFR extracellular domain and transmembrane domain and intracellular domain of Bsk. Either of these chimeric receptors can be expressed under the LTR promoter in NIH/3T3 to study whether it has a mitogenic effect or in PC12 cells to determine whether it induces differentiation.
An alternative embodiment to study the biological function of Bsk kinase involves the use of constitutively active Bsk kinase receptors. Receptor kinase mediate functions of their ligands through activation of their kinase activity which lays dormant without ligand stimulation. It is possible to create mutant forms of the receptors which are constitutively active, bypassing the need of ligand stimulation. These truncated activated receptors will function in a similar fashion as that of the ligand-stimulated normal receptors.
Constitutively active Bsk Receptor tyrosine kinases can be generated by a variety of mutations, many of which involve gross structural changes such as truncation or replacement of the N- or C-terminal domains of the receptors (Wilks, (1993) Advances in Cancer Research 60:43-73). However, activating point mutations also exist (Roussel et al., (1990) Oncogene 5:25-30). A single point mutation in the extracellular domain of M-CSF receptor was able to activate an otherwise wild-type protein (Roussel et al., (1990) Oncogene 5:25-30). Receptors with such mutations resemble the ligandactivated receptors more closely than those with large structural changes, since the substrate interaction sites of the receptors are most likely conserved.
To create a constitutively active Bsk kinase, a full length Bsk receptor kinase can be cloned into a retroviral vector. Due to the low fidelity of reverse transcriptase, retroviral replication introduces mutations frequently into genes in the viral genome (Temin, (1988) Cancer Research 48:1697-1701). The virus can be propagated in NIH/3T3 cells, and the virus with the activating mutations is selected by its ability to form foci, since it has been shown that activated versions of the normal receptors such as trk (Coulier et al., (1990) Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:4202-4210) can cause transformation in fibroblasts, much like the ligand-activated normal trk (Jing et al., (1992) Neuron 9:1067-1079 and trk B (Klein et al. (1991) Cell 66:395-453). The foci will be picked and propagated separately. Virus from each foci will be characterized by Northern blot analysis of viral RNA, Southern blot analysis of integrated viral DNA and Western blot of Bsk protein to study the changes which activates the kinase. Viruses carrying the activated Bsk kinase with the least amount of structural changes can be used for further studies.
In another embodiment to study the biological effect of Bsk, the activated Bsk gene can be cloned with a RT-PCR technique which combines the use of reverse transcription and PCR reactions and expressed using herpes simplex virus- or adenovirus-based vectors (LeGal LeSalle et al., (1993) Science 259:988-990).
Several studies have demonstrated that the introduction of an expression vector for receptor tyrosine kinases into mammalian cells results in coupling of the introduced receptor to the secondary messenger systems within the host cell and thus the potential to mediate the biological activities of the host cell (Jing et al. (1992) Neuron 9:1067-1079). An expression vector containing the Bsk nucleic acid sequence is introduced into a host cell and expressed to produce functional Bsk receptor integrated in the membrane of the host cell. Such recombinant cell systems are useful for developing and assessing candidate drugs or ligands that would mediate Bsk receptor activity. The type of biological activity mediated by the recombinant Bsk receptor will depend on the cell type and stage of differentiation of the cell or tissue. Examples of biological activities that would identify a Bsk candidate drug, ligand or ligand analogs includes, but are not limited to, detection of autophosphorylation of the Bsk receptor protein, stimulation of DNA or protein synthesis, induction of the transformed phenotypes in cells such as NIH/3T3 and phosphorylation of cytoplasmic proteins. Accordingly, another embodiment of the present invention relates to a bioassay for testing candidate drugs or ligands of the Bsk receptor for the ability to affect biological activity mediated by the Bsk receptor, comprising the steps of (a) contacting a candidate drug or ligand with a cell producing functional Bsk receptors and (b) evaluating the biological activity mediated by said contact.
Examples of cell into which the Bsk receptor can be introduced and functionally expressed includes but is not limited to, PC12 cells, primary hippocampal neurons, and NIH/3T3 cells. Examples of sources for candidate drugs or ligands with which to expose recombinant cells expressing the Bsk receptor includes, but is not limited to, medium from primary cultures of hippocampal neurons, conditioned medium from PC12 cells or NIH/3T3 cells and mammalian brain homogenates.
In a preferred embodiment, the Bsk nucleic and sequence shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ.ID.NO:1) is cloned into an adenoviral vector and introduced by infection into PC12 cells. Integration of a functional Bsk receptor into the PC12 membrane can be determined by surface labeling. PC12 cells expressing the Bsk receptor can be exposed to the candidate drug or ligand and the cells evaluated for neurite outgrowth. Cells transfected with vector alone serve as controls. It is preferred that the cells into which the Bsk expressions vector is introduced are not expressing endogenous Bsk receptor.
In another embodiment the Bsk sequence encoding the Bsk receptor (FIG. 2, SEQUENCE ID NO:1) is cloned into a retroviral expression vector and introduced into NIH/3T3 cells by infection. The NIH/3T3 expressing the Bsk receptor are exposed to candidate drugs or ligands and the ability of the candidate drug or ligand to induce transformation evaluated. The ligand or candidate drug may be isolated by conventional biochemical techniques.
The present invention further relates to therapeutic methods using the constitutively activated form of the Bsk receptor protein. The constitutively activated form of the Bsk protein can be generated and delivered into the limbic system of patients with limbic system neurodegenerative disease, disorder or injury to promote or enhance limbic system neuron regeneration or growth.
Because of the blood-brain barrier, the constitutively active Bsk receptor must be directly micro-injected into the diseased or injured region of the mammal's limbic system. Examples of appropriate gene delivery systems include, but are not limited to, viruses, retroviruses or adenoviruses. Conventional methods can be used to microinject a therapeutically effective amount of the gene delivery system into the mammalian brain (L. Heimer and M. Robards (eds) (1981) "Neural Anatomical Track-Tracing Methods" Plenum Press, New York). The constitutively active form of the Bsk receptor to be used in the gene delivery systems will be determined by the in vitro bioassays described above for evaluating the constitutive forms of the Bsk receptor.
In an alternative embodiment stem cell populations for either neuronal or glial cells can be genetically engineered to express a functional Bsk receptor. Such cells recombinantily expressing the Bsk receptor, can be transplanted to the diseased or injured region of the mammal's limbic system (S. B., Donnet and A. Djorklund (eds) (1992) "Neural Transplantation. A Practical Approach" Oxford University Press, New York). In yet another alternative embodiment, embryonic tissue or fetal neurons can be genetically engineered to express functional Bsk receptor and transplanted to the diseased or injured region of the mammal's limibic system. The feasibility of transplanting fetal dopamine neurons into Parkinsonian patients has recently been demonstrated. (Lindvall et al. Archives of Neurology (1989) 46:615-631).
Studies of the molecular interactions between ligands and their receptors showed that only the extracellular domain of the receptor is involved in the special physical interaction between the molecules (Riedel et al., (1986) Nature 324:68-70; Riedel et al. (1989) EMBO J. 8:2943-2954). Thus, the extracellular domain of a receptor can be used as a probe to screen an expression cDNA library for the Bsk ligand or ligands. In one approach for detection of the receptor probe, placental alkaline phosphatase will be fused to the extracellular domain of a receptor, and positive clones will be detected by the presence of alkaline phosphatase activity.
An alternative approach is to isolate the putative Bsk ligand is to utilize the findings that coexpression of a receptor and its ligand in the same cells results in uncontrolled proliferation and malignant transformation (Klein et al., (1991) Cell 66:395-403; Gazit et al., (1984) Cell 39:89-97). A eukaryotic cDNA expression library can be transfected into cells expressing a receptor, and the presence of a ligand will create an autocrine loop, resulting in a transformed phenotype. This approach has been successfully used by Miki et al. (1991) Science 251:72-75 to isolate the receptor of the keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) using cells expressing KGF. In yet another alternative approach the Bsk receptor protein can be expressed in a cell line or in Xenopus oocytes by the recombinant techniques described above and its ligand stimulated activation of tyrosine kinase activity, as detected by an anti-phosphotryosine antibody (UBI, Happauge, N.Y.) can be used to assay and purify the ligand. For example, cells expressing the recombinant Bsk receptor can be exposed to mammalian brain extract. The brain extracts can be fractionated by chromatography and used to assay for the presence of the ligand activity. Once an activity is identified in a particular fraction, it can be further purified by conventional biochemical techniques.
In another alternative approach the Bsk extracellular domain can be used to screen a random peptide library (Cull et al., (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sic. USA 89: 1865-1869; Lam et al., (1991) Nature 354:82-84). Peptides isolated can be assayed for their ligand activity in the above described assays for drug screening.
In another embodiment of this invention, the Bsk ligand is expressed as a recombinant gene in a cell, so that the cells may be transplanted into a mammal, preferably a human in need of gene therapy. To provide gene therapy to an individual, a genetic sequence which encodes for all or part of the Bsk ligand is inserted into a vector and introduced into a host cell. Examples of diseases that may be suitable for gene therapy include, but are not limited to, neurodegenerative diseases or disorders, Alzheimer's, schizophrenia, epilepsy, neoplasms and cancer. Examples of vectors that may be used in gene therapy include, but are not limited to, defective retroviral, adenoviral, or other viral vectors (Mulligan, R.C., (1993) Science 260: 926-932). The means by which the vector carrying the gene may be introduced into the cell include, but is not limited to, microinjection, electroporation, transduction, or transfection using DEAE-dextran, lipofection, calcium phosphate or other procedures known to one skilled in the art (Sambrook et. al. (eds) (1989) in "Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y.).
Examples of cells into which the vector carrying the gene may be introduced include, but are not limited to, continuous culture cells, such as COS, NIH/3T3 and PC12.
Means of administering the Bsk ligand or parts thereof include, but are not limited to, oral, sublingual, intravenous, intraperitoneal, percutaneous, intranasal, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, or enteral. Local administration to the afflicted site may be accomplished through means known in the art, including, but not limited to, topical application, injection, and implantation of a porous device containing cells recombinantly expressing the infusion, implantation of a porous device in which the Bsk ligand or portions thereof are contained. Alternatively, such porous device may also contain recombinant host cells expressing the Bsk ligand.
In another embodiment, successful candidate drugs developed in the bioassays of this invention may be administered by the above mentioned methods.
All books, articles, or patents referenced herein are incorporated by reference. The following examples illustrate various aspects of the invention but are no way intended to limit the scope thereof.
EXAMPLE 1 DNA Sequence and Deduced Amino Acid Sequence of Bsk
Isolation and sequencing of positive clones
Bsk was isolated by screening an adult mouse brain expression cDNA library in lambda ZAP II vector (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) using the anti-phosphotyrosine antibody 4G10 (gift of Derby Morrison at Advanced Biological Laboratory, Frederick, Md.; also available from UBI, Hauppauge, N.Y.). This antibody is specific for tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and does not cross-react with phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, phosphohistidine, or tyrosine sulfate (Kanakura et al., (1991). J. Biol. Chem. 266:490-495). The primary antibody was detected by alkaline phosphatase conjugated secondary antibody and visualized with the phosphatase substrates (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.). Of the 1,000,000 clones examined, 270 positive clones were isolated. Lambda phage of the positive clones were then hybridized with a probe made from one of the positive clones. After stringent washes (0.1× standard saline citrate (SSC), 0.5% sodium-dodecyl-sulfate (SDS), 68° C.)! of the hybridized filters, clones hybridizing to the probe were detected by X-ray autoradiography. These clones were scored as different isolates of the same gene. The filters were then washed in boiling water and reprobed with a probe from the remaining clones. The reprobing was continued until all the clones had been analyzed. Probes from each gene group were then used in Northern Blot analysis to identify brain specific genes. cDNA clones were sequenced using a dideoxynucleotide chain termination sequencing reaction (Sanger et al., (1977). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463-5467). Sense and antisense oligonucleotide primers based on partial sequences obtained from sequencing reactions using the T7 or Sk primers were used to complete sequencing with T7 DNA polymerase (USB, Ohio).
Northern Blot Analysis
Nylon membranes containing 2 micrograms of poly A+ mRNA from each tissue indicated were purchased from Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif. (Catalog #7767-1). Prehybridization and hybridization were carried out at 42° C. in 50% formamide, 0.5M NaCl, sheared heat-denatured salmon testes DNA (100 microgram/ml), 7% SDS, 0.25M sodium phosphate (pH 7.2), and 1 mM EDTA, containing 32 P! -labeled probe at a final concentration of 106 to 107 cpm/ml. The murine Bsk probe was the 4.3 kb gel purified fragment, labeled by nick-translation. The 4.3 kb fragement is contained in the pBsk plasmid deposited with ATCC on Dec. 7, 1993, ATCC Deposit Number 75620. Posthybridization washes were as follows: twice with 2× standard saline citrate (SSC) and 0.1% SDS at 25° C. for 25 min, twice in 25 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.5) and 0.1% SDS at 50° C. for 25 min, and twice in 25 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.5) and 1.0% SDS at 50° C. for 25 min. After the high-stringency wash, the filters were exposed to Kodak X-AR film at -70° C. with DuPont Cronex Lightning Plus intensifying screens.
The cross hybridization and partial DNA sequence analysis of the clones isolated in the screening of the mouse brain cDNA library showed that these clones represent eight distinct tyrosine kinase genes. Four of these genes have been isolated previously, they are syn (Semba et al., (1986). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5459-5463), lyn (Yamanashi et al., (1987) Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:237-243), elk (Lhotak et al., (1991) Mol and Cell Biol. 11:2496-2502), and cek-5 (Pasquale, (1991) Cell Regulation 2:523-534). Partial sequences of the remaining four genes indicate that they are novel tyrosine kinases. Northern blot analysis indicated that one is expressed only in adult brain (FIG. 1), with no detectable signals in heart, spleen, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney or testis. This gene is therefore designated Bsk, for brain specific kinase.
Twelve independent clones of Bsk sequence were isolated and the longest cDNA clone (4.3 kb) was sequenced. The Bsk DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) and deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) are shown in FIG. 2A-C. A putative initiation ATG codon, preceded by two stop codons is located beginning at nucleotide position 418. The -3 position of the initiation codon (SEQ ID NO:1, nucleotide position 415) is a conserved A residue for translational initiation (Kozak, (1989) J. Cell. Biol. 108:229-241). An open reading frame extends for 877 amino acids. A putative signal peptide found at the N-terminal (SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 1-51), and a transmembrane domain in the middle (SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid position 413-433) of the protein indicate that it is a transmembrane protein (FIG. 2A-C) (Singer, (1990). In Palade GE, Alberts BM, Spudich JA (ed) "Annual Review of Cell Biology Volume 6" Annual Reviews Inc., pp 247-296). The predicted molecular weight of Bsk after removing the signal peptide is 98600 Daltons (Da). The extracellular domain of Bsk contains a cysteine-rich domain (SEQ ID NO:2 - residues 52-306) and a region homologous to fibronectin type III (SEQ ID NO:2 residues 307-412) characterized by the presence of aromatic and hydrophobic residues and lack of conserved cysteine residues (FIG. 3A-D).
The cytoplasmic domain (residues 433-877) contains the characteristic features of protein tyrosine kinase catalytic domains, including a typical ATP-binding site (GXGXXG) (Hanks et al., (1988). Science 241:42-52) and the receptor kinase signature motif as well as the characteristic sequence motifs for the eph/elk family of receptors (FIG. 2A-C). This indicates that Bsk is a putative growth factor receptor with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. Immediately following the transmembrane domain, there is an additional cysteine rich domain (residues 434-460) which is not present in other eph/elk family members (FIG. 3A-D), indicating that Bsk may have unique functions. Sequence analysis also showed that Bsk had extensive homology with members of the eph/elk receptor-like protein tyrosine kinase family members (FIG. 3A-D). Bsk shares a 95% homology with the partial cDNA sequence of cek-7 published recently (Sajjadi and Pasquale, (1993). Oncogene 8:1807-1813) over a region of 470 amino acids covering the transmembrane domain, the ATP-binding and catalytic domain (FIG. 3A-D). Thus Bsk may represent the murine homolog of cek-7 receptor-like kinase in chicken. Consistent with this observation, cek-7 is also expressed exclusively in the brain (Sajjadi and Pasquale, (1993). Oncogene 8:1807-1813). Bsk is also highly related to sek (Gilardi-Hebenstreit et al., (1992). Oncogene 7:2499-2506) and cek 8 (Sajjadi and Pasquale (1993). Oncoqene 8:1807-1813) (74.2% identity over the intracellular domain) (FIG. 3A-D). Cek8 shares a 93.5% homology at the amino acid level over the known coding region of 849 amino acids with sek, a putative receptor kinase implicated in the segmental patterning of the hindbrain and mesoderm (Nieto et al. Development 116:1137-1150). Thus, cek8 is likely to be a chicken homolog of the previously isolated mouse sek gene.
The extracellular domains of the eph/elk family receptor kinases have a long cysteine rich region and two fibronectin III-like repeats (Pasquale, (1991) Cell Regulation 2:523-534) (FIG. 3A-D). Bsk is unique among the eph/elk family members in that a 170 amino acid region including 9 out of 19 conserved cysteines of the eph/elk family is missing in the extracellular domain (FIG. 3A-D). This region also contains one of the two fibronectin III-like repeats. Thus Bsk has only part of the cysteine-rich domain and one fibronectin III-like repeat.
Restriction enzyme digestion analysis of other independently isolated Bsk clones indicates there are at least five different cDNA structures suggesting differential splicing.
The Northern blot analysis revealed at least two distinct mRNA species (FIG. 1). The largest band seen in brain in the Northern Blot Analysis (FIG. 1) is possibly DNA or unprocessed Bsk mRNA. Thus, it is likely that the clone presented here is one of the many splice variants of the Bsk gene. Bsk is also unique in that there is an additional cysteine rich juxta-membrane domain not present in other members of the family (FIG. 3A-D).
EXAMPLE 2 Bsk Encodes a Protein of Approximately 105 kD in Mouse Brain.
Peptide synthesis and antibody preparation
The peptide CHGSLGSGAYRSVGE (amino acids positions 798 to 811 of SEQ ID NO:2, with a cysteine residue attached to the amino terminal end of the peptide) was assembled on a peptide synthesizer (Applied Biosystems Model 430A) using t-butoxycarbonyl chemistry. The peptide was severed from the resin and side chain protecting groups with hydrogen fluoride containing 10% anisole and 19% dimethylsulfide, triturated with ether, and extracted into 60% acetonitrile and 50% acetic acid. Following lyophilization the peptide was purified by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The purified peptide gave a correct amino acid composition. The peptide was conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) via the terminal cysteine using the bifunctional reagent, m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Pierce, Rockford, Ill. ). The ratio of peptide to KLH was 1:1 (w:w). A rabbit was immunized with 1 mg of the peptide-KLH conjugate in Freund's complete adjuvant. After 1 month, boosts were begun with 0.1 mg of the conjugate in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (100 microliters of 1 mg/ml) at two week intervals. Boosts were continued until satisfactory peptide antisera was obtained. Antisera levels were determined by Western Blots of mouse brain extracts.
To identify the Bsk gene product, the rabbit anti-peptide antibody was used to perform western blot (FIG. 4) analysis. The blot was blocked and incubated in 3% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in 1X Tris Buffered Saline (TBS) (Ausubel et al. (eds) (1987) "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.). The anti-peptide antibody was used at a dilution of 1:500. A 105 kD protein was detected by the anti-serum (FIG. 4, lane 2) but not by the pre-immune serum (FIG. 4, lane 1) using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated secondary antibody (BioRad, California). The apparent molecular weight of Bsk is somewhat higher than the predicted molecular weight (98.6 kD). This discrepancy might be explained by glycosylation of the extracellular domain, as two possible glycosylation sites are present in the extracellular domain (FIG. 2A-C), as well as other post-translational modifications. The proteins at approximately 90 kd and 46 kd detected by the antiserum (FIG. 4, lane 2) but not by the pre-immune serum (FIG. 4, lane 1) are potentially different forms of the Bsk protein.
EXAMPLE 3 Bsk is Expressed in High Levels in Limbic Structures of the Adult Mouse Brain
In situ hybridization
One month old adult normal mouse brain from Balb/c mice and Balb/c embryos (Balb/c mice obtained from, the mouse facility at ABL, Fredrick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Md.) fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for between 3-5 hrs. The tissues were then dehydrated through 30%, 50%, 90%, 100% ethanol sequentially and placed in xylenes for 1 hour, then paraffin-embedded. Sections were 5 microns thick and affixed to poly-lysine coated glass slides. The slides were then prepared for hybridization by washes as follows: Xylenes twice for 10 minutes, 100% ethanol twice for one minute, 70% ethanol, 30% ethanol, one minute each, then PBS twice. Post-fixation was achieved in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min, then washed in PBS for one minute, in 0.3% Triton X-100 in PBS for 15 min and PBS for one minute (twice). The slides were then permeabilized with Proteinase K (one microgram/ml in 0.1M Tris pH 8 and 50 mM EDTA pH 8) for 30 min at 37° C., then washed in PBS twice. Slides were then acetylated in 400 ml of 0.1M (12 ml/liter) triethanolamine with 1 ml of acetic anhydride for 10 minutes. An incubation of 30 minutes in 0.1M Tris pH 7, 0.1M glycine preceded prehybridization at 55° C. in 50% formamide/1X SSC for 15 minutes. Slides were then hybridized to a full length Bsk CDNA riboprobe which has undergone base hydrolysis to yield a mean probe length of approximately 200 bp. Both sense and antisense riboprobe (Ausubel et al. (eds) (1987) in "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.), was generated using the pBsk plasmid (ATCC #75620). 500,000 cpm probe per slide was added and hybridized overnight in a 55° C. humidified chamber with 50% formamide/1X SSC. Post hybridization stringency washes were as follows: 50% formamide/1X SSC for 40 minutes, then a 30 minute RNase incubation at 37° C., again 50% formamide/1X SSC at 52° C. for 30 minutes. The slides were then dehydrated through 30%, 50%, 70%, 95%, and 100% ethanol sequentially for five minutes each time and autoradiographed using Kodak NTB-2 emulsion at full strength. Slides were exposed at 4° C. in a desiccator between 2-10 days. After development the slides were counterstained with 0.1% toluidine blue.
Evaluation of a series of coronal sections hybridized using the 35 S! -labeled anti-sense Bsk riboprobe revealed that although there was hybridization within many regions of the brain, several areas exhibited more intense hybridization (FIG. 5A-F, 5A'-F'). As a negative control, corresponding coronal sections were hybridized to a sense probe and revealed no distinguishable pattern of hybridization. In the rostral telencephalon the highest levels of hybridization were present in the tenia tecta (hippocampal rudiment) and the pyramidal cell layer (PLC) of the piriform cortex with no labeling in the adjacent pyramidal cell layer of the olfactory tubercle (FIG. 5A-FIG. 6A). The infralimbic cortex and anterior cingulate cortex exhibited moderate levels of hybridization with somewhat lower levels in the prefrontal cortex (FIG. 5A). At the level of the septum and anterior commissure the highest degree of hybridization was still observed in the PCL of the piriform cortex, the tenia tecta, and the indusium griseum (FIG. 5B, FIG. 6B). Elevated levels of hybridization were also present in the medial septum and vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band within the area that contains the cholinergic basal forebrain neurons (FIG. 5B-C). Coronal sections through the rostral end of the hippocampus demonstrated highly specific hybridization in both the large CA3 pyramidal cells and smaller CA1 pyramidal cells of Ammon's horn with a lower signal in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus (FIG. 5D-E, FIG. 6C). Sections through the amygdaloid complex demonstrated that there was moderately high hybridization in both the basolateral and medial amygdaloid nuclei (FIG. 5D-E). This level of signal was somewhat lower than that observed in the PCL of the piriform cortex or in the pyramidal cells of Ammon's horn and dorsal subiculum. In the caudal telencephalon the highest hybridization was still observed in the subiculum and CA1-3 pyramidal cells of the dorsal hippocampus with somewhat less hybridization apparent in these regions as they extend into the ventral hippocampus (FIG. 5F). Although some hybridization was observed in corpus callosum and anterior commissure (FIG. 5B-C), a similar signal was observed in the hybridization with the control probe. Thus the hybridization in these regions may not be specific.
Horizontal and sagittal sections (FIG. 7A-B, 7A'-B') confirmed this regional distribution of hybridization intensity (FIG. 7A-B, 7A'-B'). In addition, sagittal sections, which included portions of the olfactory bulb, exhibited extensive hybridization in the mitral cell layer and the granule cell layer of this structure (FIG. 7A). Thus, although many areas of the brain exhibited some hybridization with Bsk probe, the overall distribution of regions with the highest hybridization signal appeared to be associated with several of the major subcomponents of the limbic system (MacLean, (1990): In Maclean PD, (eds) "Triune brain in evolution: role in paleocerebral functions" Plenum Press, pp269-313) such as the hippocampus, amygdala, piriform cortex, and medial septum/diagonal band of Broca.
In situ hybridization analysis of 16.5 day mouse embryos utilizing the Bsk riboprobe described above, revealed that Bsk expression is confined to the embryonic brain in the telencephalon and in the olfactory bulb (FIG. 8A-B, 8A'-B'). The highest level of expression was found in the subventricular zone and in the external layer of the cortex. This pattern of expression suggests that Bsk is expressed mainly in the postmitotic neurons when they migrate away from the ventricular zone.
In situ hybridization in the adult brain showed that expression is predominantly in the hippocampus and other limbic structures with particularly high levels found in the hippocampal CA3 area. Moderate levels of expression was also observed in the medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, ventral medial and lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus (FIG. 5-E). These structures have extensive connections with the limbic system and are considered by some authors (MacLean, (1990). In Maclean PD (eds) "Triune brain in evolution: role in paleocerebral functions" Plenum Press, pp269-313; Levitt P (1984) Science 223: 299-301) as part of the limbic system. These results indicate that Bsk expression is relatively restricted to the limbic system, in sharp contrast with the expression patterns of trk-B (Klein et al., (1990) Development 109:845-850) and trk-C (Tessarollo et al., (1993): Development 118:463-475) which are widely expressed both in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
The expression of the growth factor receptor in a particular type of neuron is an indication of its trophic function in these neurons. The expression of the NGF receptor trk in the sensory, cranial, and spinal ganglia (Martin-Zanca et al. (1990) Genes & Development 4:683-694), and in the adult basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (Holtzman et al., (1992): Neuron 9:465-478) correlates well with the response of these neurons to NGF (Levi-Montalcini R, (1987) Science 237:1154-1162). Therefore, the receptor for limbic neuron survival factors should be expressed in the limbic neurons and possibly also in developmentally or functionally related neurons. Although the BDNF receptor trk-B, and NT-3 receptor trk-C are expressed in the hippocampus, they are also widely expressed elsewhere, in both the central and peripheral nervous systems (Klein et al. (1990) Development 109:845-850; Tessarollo et al. (1993) Development 118:463-475). Thus, like FGF, the function of BDNF and NT-3 in hippocampus can not explain the unique aspects of hippocampal neuronal structure and function.
Bsk is predominantly expressed in the hippocampus and its associated limbic structures. Therefore it may function as a growth or trophic factor receptor for neurons of the limbic system, particularly for the hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons since the expression is highest in these cells. Specific degeneration of CA3 hippocampal neurons is associated with pharmacologically intractable partial complex seizures (Nadler JV (1989): Seizures and neuronal death in the hippocampus. In Chan-Palay V, Koehler C (eds): "The Hippocampus-New Vistas" Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp 463-481). The high level of Bsk expression in the limbic system suggests it may be important for the function and survival of limbic neurons.
EXAMPLE 4 Study Of the Biolocrical Function of Bsk Methods
35 S! Methionine/Cysteine Labeling of Proteins
Cells including, but not limited to, PC12 cells, and NIH/3T3 cells, are grown to 80% confluence in 100-mm tissue culture dishes, washed twice in methionine/ cysteine-free DMEM, (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Media) starved in the same medium supplemented with 5% dialyzed fetal calf serum for 30 min, and then incubated for 2, 4, or 8 hours in the same medium with Translabel (Amersham, 70% 35 S! cysteine). The labeled cells will be lysed and immunoprecipitated as described below.
Cell Surface Labeling
Cells expressing the chimeric receptor will be grown to 80% confluence on 175-cm2 flasks. Cells are washed twice with PBS, removed gently will a cell scraper, and resuspended in PBS containing 6 U of lactoperoxidase, 20 U of glucose oxidase and 2 mCi of 125 I!. After 0, 10, and 20 min, 140 ul of 1M glucose will be added. At 30 min, the reaction is stopped by three washes in PBS. The cells are then lysed and immunoprecipitated using appropriate antibodies.
Preparation of Cell Extracts and Immunoprecipitation
Cells will be washed in Wash Buffer (HEPES 50 mM, pH 7.4, NaCl 150 mM, glycerol 10%, EDTA 10 mM, NaF 100 mM, vanadate 2 mM, Na4 P2 07 10 mM, trypsin inhibitor 1000 U/ml, PMSF 1 mM, aprotinin 1 mM, leupeptin 20 uM); the cells are lysed for 30 min at 4° C. in 200 ul of lysis buffer (Wash Buffer containing 1% Triton X-100) and centrifuged for 30 min at 150,000 g in a Beckman TL-100 ultracentrifuge. The extracts are then cleared twice by 15 min incubation with protein A Sepharose (40 ul of 10% gel for 200 ul of cell extracts). After a 5 min. centrifugation, supernatants are mixed with appropriate antibodies adsorbed on protein-A-Sepharose and incubated for 2 h at 4° C. with agitation. The samples are then centrifuged for 30 sec and the pellets are washed 6 times (3 times with Wash Buffer, 3 times with Wash Buffer supplemented with 500 mM NaCl, 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS). The washed pellets are then resuspended in SDS-PAGE buffer and subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis. Labeled proteins are visualized by autoradiography.
Ligand Binding Study
Cells are grown in 100 mm culture dishes in DMEM to 80% confluence and then washed with PBS and incubated with 5 ml of 25 mM EDTA in PBS for 2 min. Cells are then removed from the plate, washed once with Binding Buffer (100 mM HEPES, pH 7.6, 120 mM NaCl, 5 mM KC1, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM glucose, 15 mM sodium acetate, 1% dialyzed BSA), and resuspended in 5 ml of Binding Buffer to determine the cell number. 400 ul of this cell suspension is then incubated with 125 I! -M-CSF (5 pM) and increasing concentrations of unlabeled M-CSF (from 0 to 10-6 M) in a total volume of 500 ul for 90 min at 15° C. After incubation, cells are washed with Binding Buffer. Free 125 I! -MCSF is removed by six washes in Binding Buffer. Finally, the 125 I! radioactivity bound to the cells is determined in a γ-counter. Data obtained will be analyzed by the method of Scatchard (Scatchard, (1949) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51:660-672).
Thymidine Incorporation Assay
Confluent cell monolayers in 12-well culture dishes will be grown to quiescence in medium containing 0.5% fetal bovine serum for 24 hours (h). DNA synthesis will be stimulated by adding various amount of M-CSF. Eighteen hours later, cells will be labeled for 4 h with 0.5 uCi methyl-3 H! thymidine at 3 TBq/mmol, then washed three times with ice cold PBS, incubated with 1 ml of 10% trichloroacetic acid for 30 min, and washed twice with the same solution at 4° C. Cells will be then solubilized in 0.5 ml of 0.2N NaOH, 1% SDS for 1 h at 37° C. and the lysate will be brought to neutral pH with Tris buffer. The incorporated radioactivity will be determined in a liquid scintillation counter.
Construction of Recombinant Adenovirus (Ad-CR)
The recombinant adenovirus is constructed by in vivo homologous recombination between an adenoviral vector containing the chimeric receptor and an adenovirus deletion mutant Ad1327 genomic DNA (Stratford-Perricaudt et al., (1992) J.Clin Invest 90:626-630) in 293 cells which expresse adenoviral early genes (Graham et al., (1977) J. Gen Virol 36:59-72). Briefly, 293 cells are cotransfected with 5 ug of linearized plasmid pAd-CR and 5 ug of the large Cla I fragment (2.6-100 mu) of Ad5 DNA. After overlaying with agar and incubating for 10 days at 37° C., plaques containing recombinant adenoviruses are isolated and amplified in 293 cells, viral DNA is purified, and recombinant adenovirus plaques containing the Bsk chimeric receptor are identified by restriction cleavage and Southern analysis.
Hippocampal Neuron Cultures
Hippocampi are dissected from E18 rat embryos and collected in F10 medium (Gibco). The tissues are minced, rinsed twice with F10 medium, and the cells are dissociated by gentle trituration and collected by low speed centrifugation (500 rpm) for 30 sec. The pellet is washed again in the same medium by resuspension and centrifugation. The cell pellets are resuspended in MEM supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM glutamine, 25 U/ml Penicillin and 25 ug/ml Streptomycin and plated onto polyorthinine (10 ug/ml) and laminin (10 ug/ml) coated 6 mm microtiter wells at a density of 70,000 cells/cm2. Six hours following the plating of cells, the medium is changed to a serum-free medium containing 25 ug/ml insulin, 100 ug/ml transferrin, 60 uM putrescine, 20 nM progesterone, 30 nM selenium, 6 mg/ml glucose (Lu et al., (1991) Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 88:6289-6292 and penicillin-streptomycin (25 U/ml and 25 ug/ml, respectively), and infected with the viruses at a moi of 10, 5, 2, and 1 respectively. M-CSF is added at the same time. Medium is changed every 3-4 days with the readdition of fresh factors.
Measurement of Neurofilament Protein
Cells are fixed with 4% (v/v) paraformaldehyde for 4 h at 4° C., permeabilized with 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100 in PBS for 15 min, and blocked with 10% FCS in PBS for 1 h. The cells are then incubated with anti-neurofilament 200 antibody for 1 h at room temperature, washed twice with PBS containing 10% FCS, and incubated with the secondary antibody (horseradish peroxidase-conjugated) for 1 h. Following sequential washing with PBS and water, the cells are incubated with 0.2% (w/v) O-phenylenediamine and 0.02% (v/v) H2 O2 in citrate buffer (50 mM) for 30 min. The reaction is stopped by adding an equal volume of 4.5M H2 SO4. Product formation will be quantitated by reading the optical density of the reaction product at 492 nm.
Immunocytochemistry
Cells are rinsed twice with PBS, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min at room temperature, and blocked with 10% FCS in PBS containing 0.1% Triton X-100. The cells are then incubated with the primary antibodies overnight at 4° C., washed with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS three times and incubated with Texas Red conjugated secondary antibodies for 90 min at room temperature. The cells are washed again and positive cells are visualized under a fluorescent microscope.
Measurement of High-Affinity Uptake of GABA
High-affinity GABA uptake will be measured as described (Ip et al., (1991) J. Neuro Sci. 11:3124-3134). Cells are washed in the GABA uptake buffer containing 140 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 1 mM KH2 PO4. 1 mM Na2 HPO4, 6 mg/ml glucose, 1 mM MgCl2, 1 mM CaCl2, and 0.1% BSA. Following washing, cells are incubated in the GABA uptake buffer for 5 min at 37° C. 3 H!- GABA is then added to a final concentration of 12 nM, and incubated at 37° C. for 10 min. Cells are kept on ice and washed three times with the uptake buffer. Cells are then solubilized with 0.14N NaOH for 2 h at room temperature, and 3 H!-GABA in the extract is counted. Update of GABA into non-neuronal cells is inhibited by the addition of 2 mM beta-alanine, whereas uptake specific for neurons is verified by inhibition with nipecotic acid at 1 mM. Specific neuronal GABA uptake is determined as GABA uptake that is blocked in the presence of 1 mM nipecotic acid.
Placental Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Assay
The assay is performed by heating a portion of the supernatant at 65° C. for 10 min to inactivate background phosphatase activity and then measuring the optical density at 405 nm after incubation with 1M diethanolamine (pH 9.8), 0.5 mM MgCl2, 10 μM L-homoarginine (a phosphatase inhibitor), 0.5 mg/ml BSA, and 12 mM p-nitropheyl phosphate. The highest alkaline phosphatase-expressing clone will be selected for the purification of AP-tag-Bsk fusion protein. To concentrate and purify AP-tag-Bsk protein, the supernatant will be incubated with a monoclonal antibody to placental alkaline phosphatase coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose. Specifically bound protein will be eluted with 144 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 1 mM CaCl2, 50 mM sodium citrate (pH 2.5), and will be then immediately neutralized with 1M HEPES (pH 8.0). The purified protein will be used as a probe to screen a brain expression library.
Library Screening Using AP-tag Bsk
A brain expression cDNA library will be plated at a density of 50,000 pfu per 150 mm plate. Duplicate filters will be lifted from the plates and rinsed in TBST. The filters are then blocked with TBST with 10% goat serum, rinsed once in TBST, and incubated in TBST with APtag-Bsk probe for 3 hours. The Filters are then washed in three changes of TBST, 3 min each. The positive clones will be detected by color formation when the filters are incubated with alkaline phosphatase substrates 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP, 0.017 mg/ml) and nitrobluetetrazolium (NBT, 0.33 mg/ml) in 100 mM Tris-HC1 (pH 9.5), 100 mM NaCl, 5mM MgCl2. A non-specific alkaline phosphatase inhibitor, L-homoarginine (10 mM), will be added if required.
Construction Of a Chimeric Receptor
To construct a M-CSFR/Bsk chimeric receptor, a combination of restriction enzyme digestion and PCR approaches will be used to ligate the M-CSFR extracellular domain and the Bsk transmembrane and intracellular domains (M-CSFR/Bsk). An alternative construct, M-CSFR/Bsk 2, would contain M-CSFR extracellular and transmembrane domains and Bsk intracellular domain.
The chimeric receptor will be expressed under the LTR promoter in the pMEX expression vector (Oskam et al., (1988) Proc. Natl Acad Sci. USA 85:2964-2968) in NIH/3T3 cells to study whether it has a mitogenic effect and in PC12 cells to study whether it induces differentiation. The expression cassette pMEX-CR (CR for chimeric receptor), will be cotransfected with pSV2Neo. Neo-resistant colonies will be grown up and tested for the expression of the chimeric receptor using immunoprecipitation or Western blot analysis (Ausubel et. al., (1987) In "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.). To study if the chimeric receptor is properly localized in the cytoplasmic membrane, cell surface labeling will be performed (see Methods). The labeled cells will be lysed and immunoprecipitated with either Bsk- or M-CSFR-specific antibodies. If the receptor is properly localized on the cell surface, a positive labeling of the chimeric product should result.
To examine the binding property of the chimeric receptor to M-CSF, 125 I!-MCSF will be used to bind intact transfected or control cells. To measure the receptor binding affinity and specificity, the concentration of MCSF needed to cause 50% inhibition of maximal 125 I! -MCSF binding to the cells will be determined (IC50). Scatchard analysis will be performed on the binding competition data (Scatchard, (1949) Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci 51:660-672) and the dissociation constant (Kd) will be calculated. Cells transfected with vector alone will be used as controls.
To study if the chimeric receptor functions properly, the chimeric receptor will be immunoprecipitated with either M-CSFR or Bsk-specific antibodies from M-CSF-stimulated cells for various times, using unstimulated cells as a control. The precipitated receptor will be analyzed by the Western blot technique with anti-phosphotyrosine antibody to examine the activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase.
The biological effects of the stimulation of the chimeric receptor with M-CSF will be studied in NIH/3T3 cells by stimulation of DNA synthesis under low serum (calf serum at 0.3%) conditions. To determine the functions of Bsk in neuronal differentiation, the effects of the chimeric receptor activation on neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells will be studied.
Constitutively Active Bsk Receptor
As an alternative approach to study the biological function of the Bsk kinase is to create mutant Bsk kinases which are constitutively active. Constitutively active Bsk receptor will be generated and their effect on NIH/3T3 and PC12 cells studied.
The selection for receptor activation is transforming activity. However, this may select for mitogenic function of the mutated receptor rather than the true biological function. Although there is no clear evidence to rule out this possibility, studies of trk family receptors indicate that the mitogenic and differentiation functions of the receptors are similar (Klein et al., (1991) Cell 66:395-403; Glass et al., (1991) Cell 66:405-413). The phenotypes of receptor activation are determined by the cell types in which the receptor is expressed (Squinto et al. 1991 Cell 65:885-893; Glass et al., (1991) Cell 66:405-413); Klein et al., (1991) Cell 66:395-403). Thus, trk activation by NGF in PC12 cells induces neurite outgrowth and in NIH/3T3 cell induces transformation. Therefore, it is likely that this selection will give biologically relevant mutations. In addition, mutated, especially truncated Bsk may have a different function from that of the ligand-activated wild type Bsk kinase because of possibly different subcellular localization and/or lack of certain substrate interaction sites. Studies with tpr-trk, which is an activated from of trk with a substitution of the N-terminal domain by tpr sequences, showed that it retains the function of ligand-activated trk protein (Greco et al., (1993) Cell Growth and Diff 4:539-546). Tpr-trk induces neurite outgrowth when introduced in PC12 cells (Greco et al., (1993) Cell Growth and Diff 4:539-546. Therefore, mutation- and ligand-activated receptors do share at least part of the functions. Furthermore, the possible differences of subcellular localization and substrate interaction sites between the mutation- and ligand- activated Bsk receptors will be minimized by using only the viruses which have the least amount of structural changes in Bsk.
Effect of the Chimeric Receptor in Hippocampal Neurons
A vector system which is based on an adenovirus (Stratford-Perricaudet et al., (1992) J Clin Invest 90:626-630) will be used to deliver CSFR/Bsk into hippocampal neurons from E18 rat embryos. This vector has been used successfully in the nervous system and no cytotoxicity was observed (Le Gal La Salle at al., (1993) Science 259:988-990). In addition, long term expression of genes was achieved with this vector (Le Gal La Salle et al., (1993) Science 259:988-990).
To clone M-CSF/Bsk chimeric receptor into an adenoviral promoter, a vector plasmid, pAd-CR, containing a chimeric receptor expressing cassette driven by M-MLV LTR promoter will be constructed. The cassette will be bordered at the 5' end by the left end (map unit 0-1.3) of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) and at the 3' end by sequences from mu 9.4-17 (Blg II - Hind III fragment of Ad5) to allow homologous recombination with the adenoviral genome to generate recombinant virus (see Methods section). The resulting recombinant virus will lack the early gene E1 and therefore will be replication incompetent except when provided with E1 function in 293 cells (Graham et al., (1977) J Gen Virol 36:59-72.
To study the effect of Bsk chimeric receptor on the survival of hippocampal neurons, hippocampal neuron culture will be established in polyornithine- and laminin-coated plastic dishes in MEM supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and glutamine and infected with Ad-CR or control virus. Later, the medium will be changed to a serum-free medium containing hormone supplements (see Methods). M-CSF will be added at this time. After various times of treatment, cells will be stained with antibody against neuron-specific enolase to identify neurons in the culture. The number of neurons in cultures infected with virus containing M-CSFR/Bsk or with viral vector only will be compared to determine the effect of MCSF stimulation on the survival of specific neurons. Parallel infected cultures will be studied for Bsk protein expression at various time points using Western blot or immunoprecipitation, and for ligand-dependent activation of tyrosine kinase activity of the chimeric receptor (Kaplan et al., (1991) Nature 350:158-160; Klein et al., (1991) Cell 65:189-197).
To examine if Bsk has any effect on the neurite outgrowth of the hippocampal neurons, changes in the level of neurofilament protein upon M-CSF treatment will be examined. Hippocampal neurons will be infected with virus carrying M-CSF/Bsk and treated with various concentrations (0.001-10ng/ml) of M-CSF for 8 days and neurofilament protein levels will be measured by ELISA (see Methods) Neurons infected with vector alone will be used as controls. To delineate which neuronal population which respond to Bsk kinase activation, the effect of M-CSF treatment of neurons expressing the chimeric receptor on the number of GABAergic-and calbindin-positive neurons will be studied. Infected neurons will be treated with various concentrations of M-CSF (0.001-100ng/ml). After 8 days of treatment, cells will be stained with anti-GABA receptor or anti-calbindin antibodies to study the effect of Bsk activation on the survival of various neuronal populations. In addition to the immunostaining with different antibodies, we will study the changes of the high-affinity update for GABA after various times of M-CSF treatment. 3 H!-GABA binding by the neurons in cultures infected with the virus expressing the chimeric receptor or with control virus will be compared (see Methods). β-alanine will be used to inhibit the uptake of GABA into non-neuronal cells (Ip et al., (1991) Neurosci 11:3124-3134).
An alternative vector system which is based on a herpes virus may also be used to deliver CSFR/Bsk into hippocampal neurons (Anderson et al., (1992) Human Gene Therapy 3:487-499; Fink et al., (1992) Human Gene Therapy 3:11-19).
EXAMPLE 5 Isolation of the Bsk Ligand
Screening of a cDNA Expression Library for Bsk Ligand Using an Extracellular Domain-Alkaline Phosphatase Fusion Protein as a Probe
To construct a fusion protein between the extracellular domain of Bsk and the secreted placental alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), a vector named APtag-1, constructed by Flannagan and Leder (1990) Cell 63:185-194 will be used. APtag-1 contains a set of restriction sites for the insertion of the region of the Bsk cDNA encoding the extracellular domain. Downstream of the insertion sites is the full length sequence of SEAP, which will be fused to the upstream sequence.
To generate a Bsk receptor fusion protein, the 5' end of the Bsk cDNA sequence will be inserted into APtag-1, including sequences encoding the Bsk secreation signal peptide and the entire extracellular domain, ending immediately before the first hydrophobic amino acid of the transmembrane region. The resulting plasmid will therefore encode a fusion protein with the Bsk extracellular domain joined to SEAP. The fusion protein will be expressed from a Moloney Murine Leukemia virus LTR promoter. The fusion construct will be transfected into NIH/3T3 cells which have been shown to express high levels of an APtag-Kit fusion protein (Flanagen and Leder, (1990) (Cell 63:185-194). The fusion construct will be cotransfected with a selectable marker plasmid pSV2neo, and selected with G418 (400-800 ug/ml). Neo-resistant colonies will be grown in 96-well plates and screened for secretion of SEAP activity into the media (see Methods section, example 4). The fusion protein will be concentrated, purified and used as a probe to screen a cDNA expression library from mammalian brain, preferably mouse.
Three types of positive clones are expected: 1) clones having background alkaline phosphatase activity; 2) clones which bind non-specifically to the fusion protein; and 3) clones encoding the putative Bsk ligand. Background phosphatase clones will be positive without the added probe in the presence of alkaline phosphatase substrates. To distinguish the specific from the non-specific interacting clones, extracts from bacteria expressing these clones will be used to stimulate the tyrosine kinase activity of Bsk in a Bsk expressing NIH/3T3 cells. Only the ligand will be able to stimulate activation of Bsk tyrosine activity.
Is it preferable to produce the receptor probe in NIH/3T3 cells rather than bacteria to receive proper glycosylation of the Bsk extracellular domain. It has however been demonstrated that glycosylation of growth factors is often not necessary for their activity. For example, M-CSF (Metcalf, (1986) Blood 67:257-267 and NGF (available from Boehringer Mannheim) produced in bacteria are biologically active. Therefore, the glycosylated receptor probe should interact properly with its ligand synthesized by E. coli in a phase plaque during the screening.
In addition to using the Ap-tagged Bsk probe to screen for putative ligand in vitro, the probe can also be used in histological staining mammalian on brain sections to localize expression of the ligand. Determination of the loci of express in of the Bsk ligand will allow for biochemical purification of the ligand from that tissue cell source further for analysis.
Functional Screening of Bsk Ligand
An alternative approach to isolate the Bsk ligand is to utilize a functional screening approach. Full length cDNA of Bsk will be cloned into an expression vector pMEX under a MMLV LTR promoter. The Bsk expression vector will be co-transfected into NIH/3T3 cells together with pSV2Hygro containing a hygromycin β-phosphotransferase gene which confers hygromycin resistance (Gritz and Davies, (1983) Gene 25:179-188). The transfected cells with be selected with hygromycin B at a concentration of 350 ug/ml. The resistant clones will be grown in 12-well plates and screened for Bsk expression with anti-Bsk antibody by Wester blot analysis.
The vector system developed by Miki et al. (1989) Gene 83:137-146 will be used to construct a directional eukaryotic cDNA library from mouse brain mRNA. The vector has a MMLV LTR promoter for the expression of cDNA inserts and a SV40 early promoter-driven Neo gene as a selectable marker. In addition, this vector contains a pBR322 replication origin, and the cDNA inserts of interest can be obtained easily by Not I digestion of crude Lambda DNA preparations and ligation followed by transfection of bacterial cells. The cDNA library will be constructed as described in detail by Miki et al. (1989) Gene 83:137-146.
The cDNA library will be transfected into Bsk-expressing NIH/3T3 mouse embryo fibroblasts. Foci from transfected cells will be isolated and tested for Neo resistance to eliminate the background transformation in NIH/3T3 cells. Genomic DNA from each Neo-resistant transformant will be cleaved by Not I which will release the plasmid. Digested DNA will be ligated under diluted conditions and used to transform competent bacteria. Plasmid DNA from each focus will be purified and transfected in NIH/3T3 cells with or without Bsk expression. The transformation by the putative Bsk ligand but not other oncogenes is expected to be dependent on the present of Bsk expression. Putative clones will then be further analyzed by sequencing, the encoded protein purified and assayed for Bsk binding.
Although the present invention has been described on some detail by way of illustration and examples for purposes of clarity of understanding it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the approached claims.
__________________________________________________________________________
SEQUENCE LISTING                                                          
(1) GENERAL INFORMATION:                                                  
(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 14                                             
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 1:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 4322                                                          
(B) TYPE: NUCLEOTIDE                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: DOUBLE                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                     
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:                                   
AATTCGGCACGAGTGAAAGGGAACCTTCACCACCACTCCG40                                
AACCCTGGTGGCACTTAAAAAAAAAAAAGAAGAAGAAGAA80                                
GAAGGGGGGTGCCAGAAAAAGAAAAAGTCTTAAAGGGCAA120                               
AGAAGCGGGACTCCCGACCCTCTACAGACCCTTGACCGAG160                               
CCCACCCAGGACTGTACTAGCCATCAGAACTTCTAATTCA200                               
TCTTATCCAACTGAAAGGGAGGGCGACAGGAGCCAGAAGC240                               
AAACTTCTTCAGCGGTCTCTGCGGATCTGTGGATTCCCGC280                               
ATTTAGAGGGGTCGAGAGCCAGAAGGTACAGGACCCCACC320                               
AGGAGGAGGAGTTCCACGTCTCTCTCGCCCCTTCCACCAA360                               
GCCTGAACCTTAGGCTGAGCCACGCAGGACACAAGAGGCA400                               
GAAGAGGGTAGTAGAAAATGCGGGGCTCCGGGCCCCGCGG440                               
TGCGGGACACCGACGGACCCAGGGCAGAGGTGGCGGCGAC480                               
GACACCCCCCGCGTCCCTGCCTCTCTGGCAGGCTGCTATT520                               
CGGCACCTCTAAAGGGCCCCCTCTGGACGTGCCTTCTCTT560                               
GTGTGCGGCGCTCCGGACCCTTTTGGCCAGCCCCAGCAAC600                               
GAAGTGAATTTGTTGGATTCGCGCACTGTCATGGGGGACC640                               
TTGGATGGATTGCTTTTCCAAAGAACGGGTGGGAAGAGAT680                               
TGGTGAAGTTGATGAGAACTATGCCCCCATCCACACATAC720                               
CAAGTGTGCAAAGTTATGGAACAGAATCAGAATAATTGGC760                               
TGTTGACCAGTTGGATCTCTAACGAAGGTGCTTCCAGAAT800                               
CTTTATTGAACTCAAGTTTACTTTAAGGGACTGCAACAGC840                               
CTTCCTGGAGGACTGGGGACTTGTAAGGAGACATTTAACA880                               
TGTATTATTTTGAATCAGATGATGAGAATGGGAGAAGTAT920                               
CAAAGAGAACCAATACATCAAGATTGATACCATCGCTGCA960                               
GATGAGAGCTTCACAGAACTTGATCTTGGTGACCGTGTCA1000                              
TGAAACTGAATACAGAGGTCAGAGATGTCGGACCTCTGAG1040                              
CAAAAAGGGATTTTATCTTGCTTTCCAAGATGTCGGTGCT1080                              
TGCATTGCTCTGGTTTCTGTCCGTGTCTACTATAAAAAGT1120                              
GTCCCTCTGTAGTAAGACACTTGGCTATCTTCCCTGACAC1160                              
TATCACTGGAGCAGATTCATCACAGTTGTTAGAGGTGTCA1200                              
GGCTCCTGCGTCAACCATTCTGTGACAGATGATCCTCCCA1240                              
AGATGCATTGCAGTGCTGAAGGGGAGTGGCTGGTTCCCAT1280                              
TGGGAAATGCATGTGCAAGGCTGGATATGAAGAGAAAAAT1320                              
GGTACCTGCCAAGCTCCTTCTCCAGTCACCAATGTGAAAA1360                              
AGGGGAAGATTGCAAAGAACAGCATTTCTTTGTCTTGGCA1400                              
AGAGCCAGATCGCCCCAATGGAATTATCCTGGAGTATGAA1440                              
ATCAAGTACTTTGAAAAGGACCAAGAGACCAGTTACACAA1480                              
TTATCAAGTCTAAAGAGACCAGTATTACAGCCGAGGGCCT1520                              
GAAACCTGCATCTGTGTATGTCTTCCAAATTCGAGCACGT1560                              
ACAGCAGCAGGCTACGGCGTCTTCAGTCGAAGATTTGAGT1600                              
TTGAAACCACACCAGTGTCAGTTGCAGCATCTAATGATCA1640                              
AAGCCAGATTCCCATCATTGCAGTGTCAGTGACAGTGGGA1680                              
GTCATCTTGTTGGCAGTGATGATCGGCTTCCTCCTCAGTG1720                              
GCAGTTGCTGCGATTGTGGCTGTGGGAGGGCTTCTTCCCT1760                              
GTGCGCTGTTGCCCATCCAAGCCTAATATGGCGGTGTGGC1800                              
TACAGCAAAGCAAAGCAGGATCCAGAAGAGGAAAAGATGC1840                              
ACTTTCATAACGGGCACATTAAACTGCCAGGAGTCAGAAC1880                              
CTATATTGATCCGCACACTTATGAAGATCCCAATCAAGCT1920                              
GTTCATGAATTTGCGAAGGAGATTGAAGCTTCATGCATCA1960                              
CCATTGAGAGAGTGATCGGAGCAGGTGAATTTGGTGAAGT2000                              
TTGCAGTGGATGTTTGAAACTACCTGGAAAAAGAGAATTA2040                              
CCTGTGGCTATCAAAACTCTTAAAGTAGGCTATACTGAAA2080                              
AGCAGCGCAGAGATTTCCTGGGTGAAGCAAGTATTATGGG2120                              
GCAGTTCGATCATCCAAACATCATCCATCTAGAAGGTGTT2160                              
GTGACTAAAAGCAAACCTGTGATGATAGTGACAGAGTACA2200                              
TGGAGAACGGCTCCTTAGACACGTTTTTAAAGAAAAACGA2240                              
TGGGCAGTTCACTGTGATTCAGCTTGTTGGCATGCTGAGA2280                              
GGCATCGCTGCAGGAATGAAGTACCTTTCTGACATGGGCT2320                              
ACGTGCATAGAGACCTTGCTGCTAGAAACATCTTAATCAA2360                              
CAGTAACCTTGTGTGCAAGGTGTCTGACTTTGGACTTTCC2400                              
AGGGTACTGGAAGATGATCCTGAGGCAGCCTACACCACAA2440                              
GGGGAGGCAAAATTCCAATCAGATGGACTGCCCCGGAGGC2480                              
AATAGCTTTTCGAAAGTTCACCTCTGCCAGTGATGTCTGG2520                              
AGCTATGGCATTGTAATGTGGGAAGTTGTATCTTATGGAG2560                              
AGAGACCCTACTGGGAGATGACCAATCAGGATGTGATCAA2600                              
GGCAGTGGAAGAAGGCTACCGCCTGCCAAGCCCCATGGAT2640                              
TGCCCTGCTGCTCTCTATCAATTAATGCTGGATTGCTGGC2680                              
AGAAAGATCGAAACAGCAGGCCCAAGTTTGATGAAATCGT2720                              
CAACATGCTGGACAAACTGATACGAAACCCAAGTAGTCTG2760                              
AAGACACTGGTGAATGCGTCGAGCAGAGTGTCTACATTGT2800                              
TGGCAGAACATGGTTCTTTGGGGTCTGGGGCCTACAGATC2840                              
AGTAGGTGAATGGCTGGAAGCAATCAAAATGGGTCGGTAC2880                              
ACAGAGATTTTCATGGAAAATGGATACAGTTCAATGGACG2920                              
CTGTGGCTCAGGTGACCTTGGAGGATTTGAGGCGCCTGGG2960                              
AGTGACTCTGGTCGGTCACCAGAAGAAGAAGATCATGAGC3000                              
AGCCTTCAAGAGATGAAGGTGCAGATGGTAAACGGGATGG3040                              
TGCCAGTGTGACCCGCGCATGGGTCACACTTCTCCAAGTG3080                              
AACAACTCAGCACTTTGTAAACAACCCTGAGATTTATTTT3120                              
AACAGAGAAAGGGGAAAGGGTGGTTTCTAAACCTTTGGAG3160                              
GCATTTGCCTTAACCTTTGAGTTTATAATCAATATTTTAC3200                              
TAAAATCTCCTGATCTTCCTCTTAATTCCACAATGTACAG3240                              
GTAACCTGCAAAGAGAGCTAACATGACGATCAAACATCCT3280                              
TTATTAAAATATGTAACGAAATCTTCCCCACTTCTTCCAT3320                              
GGAGTCTTGTACAGGAAATGTATCAAGCTAGAGCACCTTT3360                              
AGAGACTGTTAAGGCAGCCCCTTTCAAAACTTCCAGGGAT3400                              
CAACTTGAAAGGAAAAGTTTTAAAGCCATGTGTGGGCTAA3440                              
GAAAAGCTGCATTTTACTGACGTTTACTTCAAGTCTTAAT3480                              
TGTCTACATGAGTGTATTGAAGAGCAATATGATTAGATTA3520                              
TTTCTTAAATAGACTTTGTAATTTAAAATGAAATTGCATG3560                              
TTGTTAAGTTATAGAAGATAGTTTATAAACATGTTGCTTG3600                              
GTCAAGGAAAAGTTCAATACAGGGTGTATATTTATTTTTC3640                              
TGTGTTAGAAAATTTACTTTTAGTTGCTCTTCTAGAGAGT3680                              
ATTAGGTAATGAATGTGTATATATGTATAGTTTGCAATAT3720                              
ATGCAGGAACTGACTTACATCGAAATTGTGTGTGTGTGTG3760                              
TGTGCGTCGGTGCGAGAGTATGTGTAGTATTTGAATATGT3800                              
GGAGGGTATTTTTTGCTTGCCTTTTGGATAGTGTTTTAAT3840                              
TTTGACGACATACAGGAAAGTGTCTTCTAGACTCTATCAT3880                              
GGGTAAAAGAGTAGAAAGCCGTAGACCAAATTCCCATCCA3920                              
AGTTGGTATCTTATGCTCTCATTTTTAAAGCAACTAATTA3960                              
GTTCATTTAAACAGCTAATGCCTCTAGACTAAATTCCCTT4000                              
TGGATTTTACAAACACTCCCTACCTGCCTGTGACAGAGAA4040                              
GTTCTTACCATTAATCTTTCATGCTTCTTTGAAATTCCAC4080                              
CTAAGTTCCTGAAAATATCTTCTAAAGCAAATTTGACACA4120                              
AAGGGCACACTTGTGAAGAAGAAGAGAGATGTGACTGCGC4160                              
TGGCTTCTGTTACCATCCAATTCAGGCAGAGGGTACTCTA4200                              
TATCTCCCTTCATGTTTATCCATTTGTGACCACTTCCACT4240                              
GTGACTCATTCACAGAGGCATGTTTTATACTAAGACAGCA4280                              
TTAAAAAGTGAAGAAAAATTATGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA4320                              
AA4322                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 2:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 877                                                           
(B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                 
(D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                     
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:                                   
MetArgGlySerGlyProArgGlyAlaGlyHisArg                                      
1510                                                                      
ArgThrGlnGlyArgGlyGlyGlyAspAspThrPro                                      
1520                                                                      
ArgValProAlaSerLeuAlaGlyCysTyrSerAla                                      
253035                                                                    
ProLeuLysGlyProLeuTrpThrCysLeuLeuLeu                                      
4045                                                                      
CysAlaAlaLeuArgThrLeuLeuAlaSerProSer                                      
505560                                                                    
AsnGluValAsnLeuLeuAspSerArgThrValMet                                      
6570                                                                      
GlyAspLeuGlyTrpIleAlaPheProLysAsnGly                                      
7580                                                                      
TrpGluGluIleGlyGluValAspGluAsnTyrAla                                      
859095                                                                    
ProIleHisThrTyrGlnValCysLysValMetGlu                                      
100105                                                                    
GlnAsnGlnAsnAsnTrpLeuLeuThrSerTrpIle                                      
110115120                                                                 
SerAsnGluGlyAlaSerArgIlePheIleGluLeu                                      
125130                                                                    
LysPheThrLeuArgAspCysAsnSerLeuProGly                                      
135140                                                                    
GlyLeuGlyThrCysLysGluThrPheAsnMetTyr                                      
145150155                                                                 
TyrPheGluSerAspAspGluAsnGlyArgSerIle                                      
160165                                                                    
LysGluAsnGlnTyrIleLysIleAspThrIleAla                                      
170175180                                                                 
AlaAspGluSerPheThrGluLeuAspLeuGlyAsp                                      
185190                                                                    
ArgValMetLysLeuAsnThrGluValArgAspVal                                      
195200                                                                    
GlyProLeuSerLysLysGlyPheTyrLeuAlaPhe                                      
205210215                                                                 
GlnAspValGlyAlaCysIleAlaLeuValSerVal                                      
220225                                                                    
ArgValTyrTyrLysLysCysProSerValValArg                                      
230235240                                                                 
HisLeuAlaIlePheProAspThrIleThrGlyAla                                      
245250                                                                    
AspSerSerGlnLeuLeuGluValSerGlySerCys                                      
255260                                                                    
ValAsnHisSerValThrAspAspProProLysMet                                      
265270275                                                                 
HisCysSerAlaGluGlyGluTrpLeuValProIle                                      
280285                                                                    
GlyLysCysMetCysLysAlaGlyTyrGluGluLys                                      
290295300                                                                 
AsnGlyThrCysGlnAlaProSerProValThrAsn                                      
305310                                                                    
ValLysLysGlyLysIleAlaLysAsnSerIleSer                                      
315320                                                                    
LeuSerTrpGlnGluProAspArgProAsnGlyIle                                      
325330335                                                                 
IleLeuGluTyrGluIleLysTyrPheGluLysAsp                                      
340345                                                                    
GlnGluThrSerTyrThrIleIleLysSerLysGlu                                      
350355360                                                                 
ThrSerIleThrAlaGluGlyLeuLysProAlaSer                                      
365370                                                                    
ValTyrValPheGlnIleArgAlaArgThrAlaAla                                      
375380                                                                    
GlyTyrGlyValPheSerArgArgPheGluPheGlu                                      
385390395                                                                 
ThrThrProValSerValAlaAlaSerAsnAspGln                                      
400405                                                                    
SerGlnIleProIleIleAlaValSerValThrVal                                      
410415420                                                                 
GlyValIleLeuLeuAlaValMetIleGlyPheLeu                                      
425430                                                                    
LeuSerGlySerCysCysAspCysGlyCysGlyArg                                      
435440                                                                    
AlaSerSerLeuCysAlaValAlaHisProSerLeu                                      
445450455                                                                 
IleTrpArgCysGlyTyrSerLysAlaLysGlnAsp                                      
460465                                                                    
ProGluGluGluLysMetHisPheHisAsnGlyHis                                      
470475480                                                                 
IleLysLeuProGlyValArgThrTyrIleAspPro                                      
485490                                                                    
HisThrTyrGluAspProAsnGlnAlaValHisGlu                                      
495500                                                                    
PheAlaLysGluIleGluAlaSerCysIleThrIle                                      
505510515                                                                 
GluArgValIleGlyAlaGlyGluPheGlyGluVal                                      
520525                                                                    
CysSerGlyCysLeuLysLeuProGlyLysArgGlu                                      
530535540                                                                 
LeuProValAlaIleLysThrLeuLysValGlyTyr                                      
545550                                                                    
ThrGluLysGlnArgArgAspPheLeuGlyGluAla                                      
555560                                                                    
SerIleMetGlyGlnPheAspHisProAsnIleIle                                      
565570575                                                                 
HisLeuGluGlyValValThrLysSerLysProVal                                      
580585                                                                    
MetIleValThrGluTyrMetGluAsnGlySerLeu                                      
590595600                                                                 
AspThrPheLeuLysLysAsnAspGlyGlnPheThr                                      
605610                                                                    
ValIleGlnLeuValGlyMetLeuArgGlyIleAla                                      
615620                                                                    
AlaGlyMetLysTyrLeuSerAspMetGlyTyrVal                                      
625630635                                                                 
HisArgAspLeuAlaAlaArgAsnIleLeuIleAsn                                      
640645                                                                    
SerAsnLeuValCysLysValSerAspPheGlyLeu                                      
650655660                                                                 
SerArgValLeuGluAspAspProGluAlaAlaTyr                                      
665670                                                                    
ThrThrArgGlyGlyLysIleProIleArgTrpThr                                      
675680                                                                    
AlaProGluAlaIleAlaPheArgLysPheThrSer                                      
685690695                                                                 
AlaSerAspValTrpSerTyrGlyIleValMetTrp                                      
700705                                                                    
GluValValSerTyrGlyGluArgProTyrTrpGlu                                      
710715720                                                                 
MetThrAsnGlnAspValIleLysAlaValGluGlu                                      
725730                                                                    
GlyTyrArgLeuProSerProMetAspCysProAla                                      
735740                                                                    
AlaLeuTyrGlnLeuMetLeuAspCysTrpGlnLys                                      
745750755                                                                 
AspArgAsnSerArgProLysPheAspGluIleVal                                      
760765                                                                    
AsnMetLeuAspLysLeuIleArgAsnProSerSer                                      
770775780                                                                 
LeuLysThrLeuValAsnAlaSerSerArgValSer                                      
785790                                                                    
ThrLeuLeuAlaGluHisGlySerLeuGlySerGly                                      
795800                                                                    
AlaTyrArgSerValGlyGluTrpLeuGluAlaIle                                      
805810815                                                                 
LysMetGlyArgTyrThrGluIlePheMetGluAsn                                      
820825                                                                    
GlyTyrSerSerMetAspAlaValAlaGlnValThr                                      
830835840                                                                 
LeuGluAspLeuArgArgLeuGlyValThrLeuVal                                      
845850                                                                    
GlyHisGlnLysLysLysIleMetSerSerLeuGln                                      
855860                                                                    
GluMetLysValGlnMetValAsnGlyMetValPro                                      
865870875                                                                 
Val                                                                       
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 3:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 986                                                           
(B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                 
(D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                     
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:                                   
MetAlaGlyIlePheTyrPheIleLeuPheSerPhe                                      
1510                                                                      
LeuPheGlyIleCysAspAlaValThrGlySerArg                                      
1520                                                                      
ValTyrProAlaAsnGluValThrLeuLeuAspSer                                      
253035                                                                    
ArgSerValGlnGlyGluLeuGlyTrpIleAlaSer                                      
4045                                                                      
ProLeuGluGlyGlyTrpGluGluValSerIleMet                                      
505560                                                                    
AspGluLysAsnThrProIleArgThrTyrGlnVal                                      
6570                                                                      
CysAsnValMetGluAlaSerGlnAsnAsnTrpLeu                                      
7580                                                                      
ArgThrAspTrpIleThrArgGluGlyAlaGlnArg                                      
859095                                                                    
ValTyrIleGluIleLysPheThrLeuArgAspCys                                      
100105                                                                    
AsnSerLeuProGlyValMetGlyThrCysLysGlu                                      
110115120                                                                 
ThrPheAsnLeuTyrTyrTyrGluSerAspAsnAsp                                      
125130                                                                    
LysGluArgPheIleArgGluSerGlnPheGlyLys                                      
135140                                                                    
ThrAspThrIleAlaAlaAspGluSerPheThrGln                                      
145150155                                                                 
ValAspIleGlyAspArgIleMetLysLeuAsnThr                                      
160165                                                                    
GluIleArgAspValGlyProLeuSerLysLysGly                                      
170175180                                                                 
PheTyrLeuAlaPheGlnAspValGlyAlaCysIle                                      
185190                                                                    
AlaLeuValSerValArgValPheTyrLysLysCys                                      
195200                                                                    
ProLeuThrValArgAsnLeuAlaGlnPheProAsp                                      
205210215                                                                 
ThrIleThrGlyAlaAspThrSerSerLeuValGlu                                      
220225                                                                    
ValArgGlySerCysValAsnAsnSerGluGluLys                                      
230235240                                                                 
AspValProLysMetTyrCysGlyAlaAspGlyGlu                                      
245250                                                                    
TrpLeuValProIleGlyAsnCysLeuCysAsnAla                                      
255260                                                                    
GlyTyrGluGluArgGlyPheAlaCysGlnAlaCys                                      
265270275                                                                 
LysIleGlyTyrTyrLysAlaLeuSerThrAspAla                                      
280285                                                                    
SerCysAlaLysCysProProHisSerTyrSerVal                                      
290295300                                                                 
TrpGluGlyAlaThrSerCysThrCysAspArgGly                                      
305310                                                                    
PhePheArgAlaAspAsnAspAlaAlaSerMetPro                                      
315320                                                                    
CysThrArgProProSerAlaProLeuAsnLeuIle                                      
325330335                                                                 
SerAsnValAsnGluThrSerValAsnLeuGluTrp                                      
340345                                                                    
SerSerProGlnAsnThrGlyGlyArgGlnAspIle                                      
350355360                                                                 
SerTyrAsnValValCysLysLysCysGlyAlaGly                                      
365370                                                                    
AspProSerLysCysArgProCysGlySerGlyVal                                      
375380                                                                    
HisTyrThrProGlnGlnAsnGlyLeuLysThrThr                                      
385390395                                                                 
ArgValSerIleThrAspLeuLeuAlaHisThrAsn                                      
400405                                                                    
TyrThrPheGluIleTrpAlaValAsnGlyValSer                                      
410415420                                                                 
LysTyrAsnProSerProAspGlnSerValSerVal                                      
425430                                                                    
ThrValThrThrAsnGlnAlaAlaProSerSerIle                                      
435440                                                                    
AlaLeuValGlnAlaLysGluValThrArgTyrSer                                      
445450455                                                                 
ValAlaLeuAlaTrpLeuGluProAspArgProAsn                                      
460465                                                                    
GlyValIleLeuGluTyrGluValLysTyrTyrGlu                                      
470475480                                                                 
LysAspGlnAsnGluArgSerTyrArgIleValArg                                      
485490                                                                    
ThrAlaAlaArgAsnThrAspIleLysGlyLeuAsn                                      
495500                                                                    
ProLeuThrSerTyrValPheHisValArgAlaArg                                      
505510515                                                                 
ThrAlaAlaGlyTyrGlyAspPheSerGluProLeu                                      
520525                                                                    
GluValThrThrAsnThrValProSerArgIleIle                                      
530535540                                                                 
GlyAspGlyAlaAsnSerThrValLeuLeuValSer                                      
545550                                                                    
ValSerGlySerValValLeuValValIleLeuIle                                      
555560                                                                    
AlaAlaPheValIleSerArgArgArgSerLysTyr                                      
565570575                                                                 
SerLysAlaLysGlnGluAlaAspGluGluLysHis                                      
580585                                                                    
IleAsnGlnGlyValArgThrTyrValAspProPhe                                      
590595600                                                                 
ThrTyrGluAspProAsnGlnAlaValHisGluPhe                                      
605610                                                                    
AlaLysGluIleAspAlaSerCysIleLysIleGlu                                      
615620                                                                    
LysValIleGlyValGlyGluPheGlyGluValCys                                      
625630635                                                                 
SerGlyCysLeuLysValProGlyLysArgGluIle                                      
640645                                                                    
CysValAlaIleLysThrLeuLysAlaGlyTyrThr                                      
650655660                                                                 
AspLysGlnArgArgAspPheLeuSerGluAlaSer                                      
665670                                                                    
IleMetGlyGlnPheAspHisProAsnIleIleHis                                      
675680                                                                    
LeuGluGlyValValThrLysCysLysProValMet                                      
685690695                                                                 
IleIleThrGluTyrMetGluAsnGlySerLeuAsp                                      
700705                                                                    
AlaPheLeuArgLysAsnAspGlyArgPheThrVal                                      
710715720                                                                 
IleGlnLeuValGlyMetLeuArgGlyIleAlaSer                                      
725730                                                                    
GlyMetLysTyrLeuSerAspMetSerTyrValHis                                      
735740                                                                    
ArgAspLeuAlaAlaArgAsnIleLeuValAsnSer                                      
745750755                                                                 
AsnLeuValCysLysValSerAspPheGlyMetSer                                      
760765                                                                    
ArgValLeuGluAspAspProGluAlaAlaTyrThr                                      
770775780                                                                 
ThrArgGlyGlyLysIleProIleArgTrpThrAla                                      
785790                                                                    
ProGluAlaIleAlaTyrArgLysPheThrSerAla                                      
795800                                                                    
SerAspValTrpSerTyrGlyIleValMetTrpGlu                                      
805810815                                                                 
ValMetSerTyrGlyGluArgProTyrTrpAspMet                                      
820825                                                                    
SerAsnGlnAspValIleLysAlaIleGluGluGly                                      
830835840                                                                 
TyrArgLeuProProProMetAspCysProIleAla                                      
845850                                                                    
LeuHisGlnLeuMetLeuAspCysTrpGlnLysGlu                                      
855860                                                                    
ArgSerAspArgProLysPheGlyGlnIleValAsn                                      
865870875                                                                 
MetLeuAspLysLeuIleArgAsnProAsnSerLeu                                      
880885                                                                    
LysArgThrGlySerGluSerSerArgProAsnThr                                      
890895900                                                                 
AlaLeuLeuAspProSerSerProGluPheSerAla                                      
905910                                                                    
ValValSerValGlyAspTrpLeuGlnAlaIleLys                                      
915920                                                                    
MetAspArgTyrLysAspAsnPheThrAlaAlaGly                                      
925930935                                                                 
TyrThrThrLeuGluAlaValValHisMetSerGln                                      
940945                                                                    
AspAspLeuAlaArgIleGlyIleThrAlaIleThr                                      
950955960                                                                 
HisGlnAsnLysIleLeuSerSerValGlnAlaMet                                      
965970                                                                    
ArgThrGlnMetGlnGlnMetHisGlyArgMetVal                                      
975980                                                                    
ProVal                                                                    
985                                                                       
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 4:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 982                                                           
(B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                 
(D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                     
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:                                   
MetAspArgArgArgLeuProLeuLeuLeuLeuCys                                      
1510                                                                      
AlaAlaLeuGlySerAlaGlyArgLeuSerAlaArg                                      
1520                                                                      
ProGlyAsnGluValAsnLeuLeuAspSerLysThr                                      
253035                                                                    
IleGlnGlyGluLeuGlyTrpIleSerTyrProSer                                      
4045                                                                      
HisGlyTrpGluGluIleSerGlyValAspGluAsn                                      
505560                                                                    
TyrThrProIleArgThrTyrGlnGluSerAsnVal                                      
6570                                                                      
MetAspHisSerGlnAsnAsnTrpLeuArgThrAsn                                      
7580                                                                      
TrpIleProArgAsnSerAlaGlnLysIleTyrVal                                      
859095                                                                    
GluLeuLysPheThrLeuArgAspCysAsnSerIle                                      
100105                                                                    
ProLeuValLeuGlyThrCysLysGluThrPheAsn                                      
110115120                                                                 
LeuTyrTyrMetGluSerAspAspAspHisLeuAla                                      
125130                                                                    
LysPheArgGluHisGlnPheThrLysIleAspThr                                      
135140                                                                    
IleAlaAlaAspGluSerPheThrGlnMetAspLeu                                      
145150155                                                                 
GlyAspArgIleLeuLysLeuAsnThrGluValArg                                      
160165                                                                    
GluValGlyProValSerLysLysGlyPheTyrLeu                                      
170175180                                                                 
AlaPheGlnAspValGlyAlaCysValAlaLeuVal                                      
185190                                                                    
SerValArgValTyrPheLysLysCysProPheThr                                      
195200                                                                    
ValLysAsnLeuAlaMetPheProAspThrValPro                                      
205210215                                                                 
MetAspSerGlnSerLeuValGluValArgGlySer                                      
220225                                                                    
CysValAsnHisSerLysGluGluGluProProLys                                      
230235240                                                                 
MetTyrCysSerThrGluGlyGluTrpLeuValPro                                      
245250                                                                    
IleGlyLysCysLeuCysAsnAlaGlyTyrGluGlu                                      
255260                                                                    
ArgGlyPheAlaCysGlnAlaCysArgProGlyPhe                                      
265270275                                                                 
TyrLysAlaSerAlaGlyAsnValLysCysAlaLys                                      
280285                                                                    
CysProProHisSerTyrThrTyrGluAspAlaSer                                      
290295300                                                                 
LeuAsnCysArgCysGluLysAsnTyrPheArgSer                                      
305310                                                                    
GluLysAspProProSerMetAlaCysThrArgPro                                      
315320                                                                    
ProSerAlaProArgAsnValIleSerAsnIleAsn                                      
325330335                                                                 
GluThrSerValIleLeuAspTrpSerTrpProLeu                                      
340345                                                                    
AspThrGlyGlyArgLysAspValThrPheAsnIle                                      
350355360                                                                 
IleCysLysLysCysGlyGlySerSerLysIleCys                                      
365370                                                                    
GluProCysSerAspAsnValArgPheLeuProArg                                      
375380                                                                    
GlnThrGlyLeuThrAsnThrThrValThrValVal                                      
385390395                                                                 
AspLeuLeuAlaHisThrAsnTyrThrPheGluIle                                      
400405                                                                    
AspAlaValAsnGlyValSerAspLeuSerThrLeu                                      
410415420                                                                 
SerArgGlnPheAlaAlaValSerIleThrThrAsn                                      
425430                                                                    
GlnAlaAlaProSerProIleThrValIleArgLys                                      
435440                                                                    
AspArgThrSerArgAsnSerValSerLeuSerTrp                                      
445450455                                                                 
GlnGluProGluHisProAsnGlyIleIleLeuAsp                                      
460465                                                                    
TyrGluValLysTyrGluLysGlnGluGlnGluThr                                      
470475480                                                                 
SerTyrThrIleLeuArgAlaLysSerThrAsnVal                                      
485490                                                                    
ThrIleSerGlyLeuLysProAspThrThrTyrVal                                      
495500                                                                    
PheGlnIleArgAlaArgThrAlaAlaArgTyrGly                                      
505510515                                                                 
ThrSerSerArgLysPheGluPheGluThrSerPro                                      
520525                                                                    
AspSerPheSerIleSerSerGluAsnSerGlnVal                                      
530535540                                                                 
ValMetIleAlaIleSerAlaAlaValAlaIleIle                                      
545550                                                                    
LeuLeuThrValValValTyrValLeuIleGlyArg                                      
555560                                                                    
PheCysGlyTyrLysLysSerLysHisGlyThrAsp                                      
565570575                                                                 
GluLysArgLeuHisPheGlyAsnGlyHisIleLys                                      
580585                                                                    
LeuProGlyLeuArgThrTyrValAspProHisThr                                      
590595600                                                                 
TyrGluAspProAsnGlnAlaValHisGluPheAla                                      
605610                                                                    
LysGluIleAspAlaSerAsnIleSerIleAspLys                                      
615620                                                                    
ValValGlyAlaGlyGluPheGlyGluValCysSer                                      
625630635                                                                 
GlyArgLeuLysLeuProSerLysLysGluIleSer                                      
640645                                                                    
ValAlaIleLysThrLeuLysValGlyTyrThrGlu                                      
650655660                                                                 
LysGlnArgArgAspPheLeuGlyGluAlaSerIle                                      
665670                                                                    
MetGlyGlnPheAspHisProAsnIleIleArgLeu                                      
675680                                                                    
GluGlyValValThrLysSerLysProValMetIle                                      
685690695                                                                 
ValThrGluTyrMetGluAsnGlySerLeuAspSer                                      
700705                                                                    
PheLeuArgLysHisAspAlaGlnPheThrValIle                                      
710715720                                                                 
GlnLeuValGlyMetLeuArgGlyIleAlaSerGly                                      
725730                                                                    
MetLysTyrLeuSerAspMetGlyTyrValHisArg                                      
735740                                                                    
AspLeuAlaAlaArgAsnIleLeuIleAsnSerAsn                                      
745750755                                                                 
LeuValCysLysValSerAspPheGlyLeuSerArg                                      
760765                                                                    
ValLeuGluAspAspProGluAlaAlaTyrThrThr                                      
770775780                                                                 
ArgGlyGlyLysIleProIleArgTrpThrSerPro                                      
785790                                                                    
GluAlaIleAlaTyrArgLysPheThrSerAlaSer                                      
795800                                                                    
AspAlaTrpSerTyrGlyIleValLeuTrpGluVal                                      
805810815                                                                 
MetSerTyrGlyGluArgProTyrTrpGluMetSer                                      
820825                                                                    
PheGlnAspValIleLysAlaValAspGluGlyTyr                                      
830835840                                                                 
ArgLeuProProProMetAspCysProAlaAlaLeu                                      
845850                                                                    
TyrGlnLeuMetLeuAspCysTrpGlnLysAspArg                                      
855860                                                                    
AsnAsnArgProLysPheGluGlnIleValSerIle                                      
865870875                                                                 
LeuAspLysLeuIleArgAsnProSerSerLeuLys                                      
880885                                                                    
IleIleThrAsnAlaAlaAlaArgProSerAsnLeu                                      
890895900                                                                 
LeuLeuAspGlnSerAsnIleAspIleSerAlaPhe                                      
905910                                                                    
ArgThrAlaGlyAspTrpLeuAsnGlyPheArgThr                                      
915920                                                                    
GlyGlnCysLysGlyIlePheThrGlyValGluTyr                                      
925930935                                                                 
SerSerCysAspThrIleAlaLysIleSerThrAsp                                      
940945                                                                    
AspMetLysLysValGlyValThrValValGlyPro                                      
950955960                                                                 
GlnLysLysIleValSerSerIleLysThrLeuGlu                                      
965970                                                                    
ThrHisThrLysAsnSerProValProVal                                            
975980                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 5:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 995                                                           
(B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                 
(D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                     
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:                                   
MetProGlyProGluArgThrMetGlyProLeuTrp                                      
1510                                                                      
PheCysCysLeuProLeuAlaLeuLeuProLeuLeu                                      
1520                                                                      
AlaAlaValGluGluThrLeuMetAspSerThrThr                                      
253035                                                                    
AlaThrAlaGluLeuGlyTrpMetValHisProPro                                      
4045                                                                      
SerGlyTrpGluGluValSerGlyTyrAspGluAsn                                      
505560                                                                    
MetAsnThrIleArgThrTyrGlnValCysLysVal                                      
6570                                                                      
PheGluSerSerGlnAsnAsnTrpLeuArgThrLys                                      
7580                                                                      
TyrIleArgArgArgGlyAlaHisArgIleHisVal                                      
859095                                                                    
GluMetLysPheSerValArgAspCysSerSerIle                                      
100105                                                                    
ProAsnValProGlySerCysLysGluThrPheAsn                                      
110115120                                                                 
LeuTyrTyrTyrGluSerAspPheAspSerAlaThr                                      
125130                                                                    
LysThrPheProAsnTrpMetGluAsnProTrpMet                                      
135140                                                                    
LysValAspThrIleAlaAlaAspGluSerPheSer                                      
145150155                                                                 
GlnValAspLeuGlyGlyArgValMetLysLeuAsn                                      
160165                                                                    
ThrGluValArgSerPheGlyProValSerLysLys                                      
170175180                                                                 
GlyPheTyrLeuAlaPheGlnAspTyrGlyAlaCys                                      
185190                                                                    
MetSerLeuIleAlaValArgValPheTyrArgLys                                      
195200                                                                    
CysProArgValIleGlnAsnGlyAlaValPheGln                                      
205210215                                                                 
GluThrLeuSerGlyAlaGluSerThrSerLeuVal                                      
220225                                                                    
AlaAlaArgGlyThrCysIleSerAsnAlaGluGlu                                      
230235240                                                                 
ValAspValProIleLysLeuTyrCysAsnGlyAla                                      
245250                                                                    
GlyGluTrpLeuValProIleGlyArgCysMetCys                                      
255260                                                                    
ArgProGlyTyrGluSerValGluAsnGlyThrVal                                      
265270275                                                                 
CysArgGlyCysProSerGlyThrPheLysAlaSer                                      
280285                                                                    
GlnGlyAspGluGlyCysValHisCysProIleAsn                                      
290295300                                                                 
SerArgThrThrSerGluGlyAlaThrAsnCysVal                                      
305310                                                                    
CysArgAsnGlyTyrTyrArgAlaAspAlaAspPro                                      
315320                                                                    
ValAspMetProCysThrThrIleProAspAlaPro                                      
325330335                                                                 
GlnAlaValIleSerSerValAsnGluThrSerLeu                                      
340345                                                                    
MetLeuGluTrpThrProProArgAspSerGlyGly                                      
350355360                                                                 
ArgGluAspLeuValTyrAsnIleIleCysLysSer                                      
365370                                                                    
CysGlySerGlyArgGlyAlaCysThrArgCysGly                                      
375380                                                                    
AspAsnValGlnPheAlaProArgGlnLeuGlyLeu                                      
385390395                                                                 
ThrGluProArgIleTyrIleSerAspLeuLeuAla                                      
400405                                                                    
HisThrGlnTyrThrPheGluIleGlnAlaValAsn                                      
410415420                                                                 
GlyValThrAspGlnSerProPheSerProGlnPhe                                      
425430                                                                    
AlaSerValAsnIleThrThrAsnGlnAlaAlaPro                                      
435440                                                                    
SerAlaValSerIleMetHisGlnValSerArgThr                                      
445450455                                                                 
ValAspSerIleThrLeuSerTrpSerGlnProAsp                                      
460465                                                                    
GlnProAsnGlyValIleLeuAspTyrGluLeuGln                                      
470475480                                                                 
TyrTyrGluLysAsnLeuSerGluLeuAsnSerThr                                      
485490                                                                    
AlaValLysSerProThrAsnThrValThrValGln                                      
495500                                                                    
AsnLeuLysAlaGlyThrIleTyrValPheGlnVal                                      
505510515                                                                 
ArgAlaArgThrValAlaGlyTyrGlyArgTyrSer                                      
520525                                                                    
GlyLysMetTyrPheGlnThrMetThrGluAlaGlu                                      
530535540                                                                 
TyrGlnThrSerValGlnGluLysLeuProLeuIle                                      
545550                                                                    
IleGlySerSerAlaAlaGlyLeuValPheLeuIle                                      
555560                                                                    
AlaValValValIleIleIleValCysAsnArgArg                                      
565570575                                                                 
ArgGlyPheGluArgAlaAspSerGluTyrThrAsp                                      
580585                                                                    
LysLeuGlnHisTyrThrSerGlyHisMetThrPro                                      
590595600                                                                 
GlyMetLysIleTyrIleAspProPheThrTyrGlu                                      
605610                                                                    
AspProAsnGluAlaValArgGluPheAlaLysGlu                                      
615620                                                                    
IleAspIleSerCysValLysIleGluGlnValIle                                      
625630635                                                                 
GlyAlaGlyGluPheGlyGluValCysSerGlyHis                                      
640645                                                                    
LeuLysLeuProGlyLysArgGluIlePheValAla                                      
650655660                                                                 
IleLysThrLeuLysSerGlyTyrThrGluLysGln                                      
665670                                                                    
ArgArgAspPheLeuSerGluAlaSerIleMetGly                                      
675680                                                                    
GlnPheAspHisProAsnValIleHisLeuGluGly                                      
685690695                                                                 
ValValThrLysSerSerProValMetIleValThr                                      
700705                                                                    
GluTyrMetGluAsnGlySerLeuAspSerPheLeu                                      
710715720                                                                 
ArgGlnAsnAspGlyGlnPheThrValIleGlnLeu                                      
725730                                                                    
ValGlyMetLeuArgGlyIleAlaAlaGlyMetLys                                      
735740                                                                    
TyrLeuAlaAspMetAsnTyrValHisArgAspLeu                                      
745750755                                                                 
AlaAlaArgAsnIleLeuValAsnSerAsnLeuVal                                      
760765                                                                    
CysLysValSerAspPheGlyLeuSerArgPheLeu                                      
770775780                                                                 
GluAspAspThrSerAspProThrTyrThrSerAla                                      
785790                                                                    
LeuGlyGlyLysIleProIleArgTrpThrAlaPro                                      
795800                                                                    
GluAlaIleGlnTyrArgLysPheThrSerAlaSer                                      
805810815                                                                 
AspValTrpSerTyrGlyIleValMetTrpGluVal                                      
820825                                                                    
MetSerTyrGlyGluArgProTyrTrpAspMetThr                                      
830835840                                                                 
AsnGlnAspValIleAsnAlaIleGluGlnAspTyr                                      
845850                                                                    
ArgLeuProProProMetAspCysProAsnAlaLeu                                      
855860                                                                    
HisGlnLeuMetLeuAspCysTrpGlnLysAspArg                                      
865870875                                                                 
AsnHisArgProLysPheGlyGlnIleValAsnThr                                      
880885                                                                    
LeuAspLysMetIleArgAsnProAsnSerLeuLys                                      
890895900                                                                 
AlaMetAlaProLeuSerSerGlyValAsnLeuPro                                      
905910                                                                    
LeuLeuAspArgThrIleProAspTyrThrSerPhe                                      
915920                                                                    
AsnThrValAspGluTrpLeuAspAlaIleLysMet                                      
925930935                                                                 
SerGlnTyrLysGluSerPheAlaSerAlaGlyPhe                                      
940945                                                                    
ThrThrPheAspIleValSerGlnMetThrValGlu                                      
950955960                                                                 
AspIleLeuArgValGlyValThrLeuAlaGlyHis                                      
965970                                                                    
GlnLysLysIleLeuAsnSerIleGlnValMetArg                                      
975980                                                                    
AlaGlnMetAsnGlnIleGlnSerValGluVal                                         
985990                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 6:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 984                                                           
(B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                 
(D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                     
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:                                   
MetAlaLeuAspCysLeuLeuLeuPheLeuLeuAla                                      
1510                                                                      
SerAlaValAlaAlaMetGluGluThrLeuMetAsp                                      
1520                                                                      
SerArgThrAlaThrAlaGluLeuGlyTrpThrAla                                      
253035                                                                    
AsnProAlaSerGlyTrpGluGluValSerGlyTyr                                      
4045                                                                      
AspGluAsnLeuAsnThrIleArgThrTyrGlnVal                                      
505560                                                                    
CysAsnValPheGluProAsnGlnAsnAsnTrpLeu                                      
6570                                                                      
LeuThrThrPheIleAsnArgArgGlyAlaHisArg                                      
7580                                                                      
IleTyrThrGluMetArgPheThrValArgAspCys                                      
859095                                                                    
SerSerLeuProAsnValProGlySerCysLysGlu                                      
100105                                                                    
ThrPheAsnLeuTyrTyrTyrGluThrAspSerVal                                      
110115120                                                                 
IleAlaThrLysLysSerAlaPheTrpSerGluAla                                      
125130                                                                    
ProTyrLeuLysValAspThrIleAlaAlaAspGlu                                      
135140                                                                    
SerPheSerGlnValAspPheGlyGlyArgLeuMet                                      
145150155                                                                 
LysValAsnThrGluValArgSerPheGlyProLeu                                      
160165                                                                    
ThrArgAsnGlyPheTyrLeuAlaPheGlnAspTyr                                      
170175180                                                                 
GlyAlaCysMetSerLeuLeuSerValArgValPhe                                      
185190                                                                    
PheLysLysCysProSerIleValGlnAsnPheAla                                      
195200                                                                    
ValPheProGluThrMetThrGlyAlaGluSerThr                                      
205210215                                                                 
SerLeuValIleAlaArgGlyThrCysIleProAsn                                      
220225                                                                    
AlaGluGluValAspValProIleLysLeuTyrCys                                      
230235240                                                                 
AsnGlyAspGlyGluTrpMetValProIleGlyArg                                      
245250                                                                    
CysThrCysLysAlaGlyTyrGluProGluAsnSer                                      
255260                                                                    
ValAlaCysLysAlaCysProAlaGlyThrPheLys                                      
265270275                                                                 
AlaSerGlnGluAlaGluGlyCysSerHisCysPro                                      
280285                                                                    
SerAsnSerArgSerProSerGluAlaSerProIle                                      
290295300                                                                 
CysThrCysArgThrGlyTyrTyrArgAlaAspPhe                                      
305310                                                                    
AspProProGluValAlaCysThrSerValProSer                                      
315320                                                                    
GlyProArgAsnValIleSerIleValAsnGluThr                                      
325330335                                                                 
SerIleIleLeuGluTrpHisProProArgGluThr                                      
340345                                                                    
GlyGlyArgAspAspValThrTyrAsnIleIleCys                                      
350355360                                                                 
LysLysCysArgAlaAspAspArgSerCysSerArg                                      
365370                                                                    
CysAspAspAsnValGluPheValProArgGlnLeu                                      
375380                                                                    
GlyLeuThrGluCysArgValSerIleSerSerLeu                                      
385390395                                                                 
TrpAlaHisThrProTyrThrPheAspIleGlnAla                                      
400405                                                                    
IleAsnGlyValSerSerLysSerProPheProPro                                      
410415420                                                                 
GlnHisValSerValAsnIleThrThrAsnGlnAla                                      
425430                                                                    
AlaProSerThrValProIleMetHisGlnValSer                                      
435440                                                                    
AlaThrMetArgSerIleThrLeuSerTrpProGln                                      
445450455                                                                 
ProGluGlnProAsnGlyIleIleLeuAspTyrGlu                                      
460465                                                                    
IleArgTyrTyrGluLysGluHisAsnGluPheAsn                                      
470475480                                                                 
SerSerMetAlaArgSerGlnThrAsnThrAlaArg                                      
485490                                                                    
IleAspGlyLeuArgProGlyMetValTyrValVal                                      
495500                                                                    
GlnValArgAlaArgThrValAlaGlyTyrGlyLys                                      
505510515                                                                 
PheSerGlyLysMetCysPheGlnThrLeuThrAsp                                      
520525                                                                    
AspAspTyrLysSerGluLeuArgGluGlnLeuPro                                      
530535540                                                                 
LeuIleAlaGlySerAlaAlaAlaGlyValValPhe                                      
545550                                                                    
ValValSerLeuValAlaIleSerIleValCysSer                                      
555560                                                                    
ArgLysArgAlaTyrSerLysGluAlaValTyrSer                                      
565565570                                                                 
AspLysLeuGlnHisTyrSerThrGlyArgGlySer                                      
575580                                                                    
ProGlyMetLysIleTyrIleAspProPheThrTyr                                      
585595600                                                                 
GluAspProAsnGluAlaValArgGluPheAlaLys                                      
605610                                                                    
GluIleAspValSerPheValLysIleGluGluVal                                      
615620                                                                    
IleGlyAlaGlyGluPheGlyGluValTyrLysGly                                      
625630635                                                                 
ArgLeuLysLeuProGlyLysArgGluIleTyrVal                                      
640645                                                                    
AlaIleLysThrLeuLysAlaGlyTyrSerGluLys                                      
650655660                                                                 
GlnArgArgAspPheLeuSerGluAlaSerIleMet                                      
665670                                                                    
GlyGlnPheAspHisProAsnIleIleArgLeuGlu                                      
675680                                                                    
GlyValValThrLysSerArgProValMetIleIle                                      
685690695                                                                 
ThrGluPheMetGluAsnGlyAlaLeuAspSerPhe                                      
700705                                                                    
LeuArgGlnAsnAspGlyGlnPheThrValIleGln                                      
710715720                                                                 
LeuValGlyMetLeuArgGlyIleAlaAlaGlyMet                                      
725730                                                                    
LysTyrLeuSerGluMetAsnTyrValHisArgAsp                                      
735740                                                                    
LeuAlaAlaArgAsnIleLeuValAsnSerAsnLeu                                      
745750755                                                                 
ValCysLysValSerAspPheGlyLeuSerArgTyr                                      
760765                                                                    
LeuGlnAspAspThrSerAspProThrTyrThrSer                                      
770775780                                                                 
SerLeuGlyGlyLysIleProValArgTrpThrAla                                      
785790                                                                    
ProGluAlaIleAlaTyrArgLysPheThrSerAla                                      
795800                                                                    
SerAspValTrpSerTyrGlyIleValMetTrpGlu                                      
805810815                                                                 
ValMetSerPheGlyGluArgProTyrTrpAspMet                                      
820825                                                                    
SerAsnGlnAspValIleAsnAlaValGluGlnAsp                                      
830835840                                                                 
TyrArgLeuProProProMetAspCysProAlaAla                                      
845850                                                                    
LeuHisGlnLeuMetLeuAspCysTrpGlnLysAsp                                      
855860                                                                    
ArgAsnSerArgProArgPheAlaGluIleValAsn                                      
865870875                                                                 
ThrLeuAspLysMetIleArgAsnProAlaSerLeu                                      
880885                                                                    
LysThrValAlaThrIleThrAlaValProSerGln                                      
890895900                                                                 
ProLeuLeuAspArgSerIleProAspPheThrAla                                      
905910                                                                    
PheThrThrValAspAspTrpLeuSerAlaIleLys                                      
915920                                                                    
MetValGlnTyrArgAspSerPheLeuThrAlaGly                                      
925930935                                                                 
PheThrSerLeuGlnLeuValThrGlnMetThrSer                                      
940945                                                                    
GluAspLeuLeuArgIleGlyValThrLeuAlaGly                                      
950955960                                                                 
HisGlnLysLysIleLeuSerSerIleHisSerMet                                      
965970                                                                    
ArgValGlnMetAsnGlnSerProSerValMetAla                                      
975980                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 7:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 970                                                           
(B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                 
(D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                     
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:                                   
GlyValSerSerArgAlaArgArgProProGlySer                                      
1510                                                                      
SerArgSerSerArgArgGlyValThrSerGluLeu                                      
1520                                                                      
AlaTrpThrThrHisProGluThrGlyTrpGluGlu                                      
253035                                                                    
ValSerGlyTyrAspGluAlaMetGlnProIleArg                                      
4045                                                                      
ThrTyrGlnValCysGlnValArgGluAlaGlnGln                                      
505560                                                                    
GlnGlnTrpLeuArgThrLysPheIleAsnArgGln                                      
6570                                                                      
AspValGlnArgValTyrValGluLeuLysPheThr                                      
7580                                                                      
ValArgAspCysLysSerIleProLysIleProGly                                      
859095                                                                    
SerCysLysGluThrPheAsnLeuPheTyrTyrGlu                                      
100105                                                                    
SerAspThrAspSerAlaSerAlaAsnSerProPhe                                      
110115120                                                                 
TrpMetGluAsnProTyrIleLysValAspThrIle                                      
125130                                                                    
AlaProAspGluSerPheSerLysLeuGluSerGly                                      
135140                                                                    
ArgValAsnThrLysValArgSerPheGlyProLeu                                      
145150155                                                                 
SerLysAsnGlyPheTyrLeuAlaPheGlnAspLeu                                      
160165                                                                    
GlyAlaCysMetSerLeuIleLeuValArgAlaPhe                                      
170175180                                                                 
TyrLysLysCysSerAsnThrIleAlaGlyPheAla                                      
185190                                                                    
IlePheProGluThrLeuThrGlyAlaGluProThr                                      
195200                                                                    
SerLeuValIleAlaProGlyThrCysIleProGln                                      
205210215                                                                 
AlaValGluValSerValProLeuLysLeuTyrCys                                      
220225                                                                    
AsnGlyAspGlyGluTrpMetValProValGlyAla                                      
230235240                                                                 
CysThrCysAlaAlaGlyTyrGluProAlaMetLys                                      
245250                                                                    
AspThrGlnCysGlnAlaCysGlyProGlyThrPhe                                      
255260                                                                    
LysSerLysGlnGlyGluGlyProCysSerProCys                                      
265270275                                                                 
ProProAsnSerArgThrThrAlaGlyAlaAlaThr                                      
280285                                                                    
ValCysIleCysArgSerGlyPhePheArgAlaAsp                                      
290295300                                                                 
AlaAspProAlaAspSerAlaCysThrSerValPro                                      
305310                                                                    
SerAlaProArgSerValIleSerAsnValAsnGlu                                      
315320                                                                    
ThrSerPheValLeuGluTrpSerGluProGlnAsp                                      
325330335                                                                 
AlaGlyGlyArgAspAspLeuLeuTyrAsnValIle                                      
340345                                                                    
CysLysLysCysSerValGluArgArgLeuCysSer                                      
350355360                                                                 
ArgCysAspAspAsnValGluPheValProArgGln                                      
365370                                                                    
LeuGlyLeuThrGluArgArgIleTyrIleSerLys                                      
375380                                                                    
ValMetAlaHisProGlnTyrThrPheGluIleGln                                      
385390395                                                                 
AlaValAsnGlyIleSerSerLysSerProTyrPro                                      
400405                                                                    
ProHisPheAlaSerValAsnIleThrThrAsnGln                                      
410415420                                                                 
AlaValLeuSerAlaValProThrMetHisLeuHis                                      
425430                                                                    
SerSerThrGlyAsnSerMetThrLeuSerTrpThr                                      
435440                                                                    
ProProGluArgProAsnGlyIleIleLeuAspTyr                                      
445450455                                                                 
GluIleLysTyrSerGluLysGlnGlyGlnGlyAsp                                      
460465                                                                    
GlyIleAlaAsnThrValThrSerGlnLysAsnSer                                      
470475480                                                                 
ValArgLeuAspGlyLeuLysAlaAsnAlaArgTyr                                      
485490                                                                    
MetValGlnValArgAlaArgThrValAlaGlyTyr                                      
495500                                                                    
GlyArgTyrSerLeuProThrGluPheGlnThrThr                                      
505510515                                                                 
AlaGluAspGlySerThrSerLysThrPheGlnGlu                                      
520525                                                                    
LeuProLeuIleValGlySerAlaThrAlaGlyLeu                                      
530535540                                                                 
LeuPheValIleValValValIleIleAlaIleVal                                      
545550                                                                    
CysPheArgLysGlnArgAsnSerThrAspProGlu                                      
555560                                                                    
TyrThrGluLysLeuGlnGlnTyrValThrProGly                                      
565570575                                                                 
MetLysValTyrIleAspProPheThrTyrGluAsp                                      
580585                                                                    
ProAsnGluAlaValArgGluPheAlaLysGluIle                                      
590595600                                                                 
AspIleSerCysValLysIleGluGluValIleGly                                      
605610                                                                    
AlaGlyGluPheGlyGluValCysArgGlyArgLeu                                      
615620                                                                    
LysLeuProGlyLysArgGluIlePheValAlaIle                                      
625630635                                                                 
LysThrLeuLysValGlyTyrThrGluArgGlnArg                                      
640645                                                                    
ArgAspPheLeuSerGluAlaSerIleMetGlyGln                                      
650655660                                                                 
PheAspHisProAsnIleIleHisLeuGluGlyVal                                      
665670                                                                    
ValThrLysSerArgProValMetIleValThrGlu                                      
675680                                                                    
GluMetGluAsnCysAlaLeuAspSerPheLeuArg                                      
685690695                                                                 
LeuAsnAspGlyGlnPheThrValIleGlnLeuVal                                      
700705                                                                    
GlyMetLeuArgGlyIleAlaAlaGlyMetLysTyr                                      
710715720                                                                 
LeuSerGluMetAsnTyrValHisArgAspLeuAla                                      
725730                                                                    
AlaArgAsnIleLeuValAsnSerAsnLeuValCys                                      
735740                                                                    
LysValSerAspPheGlyLeuSerArgPheLeuGlu                                      
745750755                                                                 
AspAspProAlaAspProThrTyrThrSerSerLeu                                      
760765                                                                    
GlyGlyLysIleProIleArgTrpThrAlaProGlu                                      
770775780                                                                 
AlaIleAlaTyrArgLysPheThrSerAlaSerAsp                                      
785790                                                                    
ValTrpSerTyrGlyIleValMetTrpGluValMet                                      
795800                                                                    
SerTyrGlyGluArgProTyrTrpAspMetSerAsn                                      
805810815                                                                 
GlnAspValIleAsnAlaValGluGlnAspTyrArg                                      
820825                                                                    
LeuProProProMetAspCysProThrAlaLeuHis                                      
830835840                                                                 
GlnLeuMetLeuAspCysTrpValArgAspArgAsn                                      
845850                                                                    
LeuArgProLysPheAlaGlnIleValAsnThrLeu                                      
855860                                                                    
AspLysLeuIleArgAsnAlaAlaSerLeuLysVal                                      
865870875                                                                 
IleAlaSerValGlnSerGlyValSerGlnProLeu                                      
880885                                                                    
AlaAspArgThrValProAspTyrThrThrPheThr                                      
890895900                                                                 
ThrValGlyAspTrpLeuAspAlaIleLysMetGly                                      
905910                                                                    
ArgTyrLysGluAsnPheValAsnHisGlyPheAla                                      
915920                                                                    
SerPheAspLeuValAlaGlnMetThrAlaGluAsp                                      
925930935                                                                 
LeuLeuArgIleGlyValThrLeuAlaGlyHisGln                                      
940945                                                                    
LysLysIleLeuSerSerIleGlnAspMetArgLeu                                      
950955960                                                                 
GlnMetAsnGlnThrLeuProValGlnVal                                            
965970                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 8:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 977                                                           
(B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                 
(D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                     
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8:                                   
MetGluLeuGlnAlaAlaArgAlaCysPheAlaLeu                                      
1510                                                                      
LeuTrpGlyCysAlaLeuAlaAlaAlaAlaAlaAla                                      
1520                                                                      
GlnGlyLysGluValValLeuLeuAspPheAlaAla                                      
253035                                                                    
AlaGlyGlyGluLeuGlyTrpLeuThrHisProTyr                                      
4045                                                                      
GlyLysGlyTrpAspLeuMetGlnAsnIleMetAsn                                      
505560                                                                    
AspMetProIleTyrMetTyrSerValCysAsnVal                                      
6570                                                                      
MetSerGlyAspGlnAspAsnTrpLeuArgSerAsn                                      
7580                                                                      
TrpIleTyrArgGlyGluGluAlaGluArgAsnAsn                                      
859095                                                                    
PheGluLeuAsnPheThrValArgAspCysLysSer                                      
100105                                                                    
PheProGlyGlyAlaSerSerCysLysGluThrPhe                                      
110115120                                                                 
AsnLeuTyrTyrAlaGluSerAspLeuAspTyrGly                                      
125130                                                                    
ThrAsnPheGlnLysArgLeuPheThrLysIleAsp                                      
135140                                                                    
ThrIleAlaProAspGluIleThrValSerSerAsp                                      
145150155                                                                 
PheGluAlaArgHisValLysLeuAsnValGluGlu                                      
160165                                                                    
ArgSerValGlyProLeuThrArgLysGlyPheTyr                                      
170175180                                                                 
LeuAlaPheGlnAspIleGlyAlaCysValAlaLeu                                      
185190                                                                    
LeuSerValArgValTyrTyrLysLysCysProGlu                                      
195200                                                                    
LeuLeuGlnGlyLeuAlaHisPheProGluThrIle                                      
205210215                                                                 
AlaGlySerAspAlaProSerLeuAlaThrValAla                                      
220225                                                                    
GlyThrCysValAspHisAlaValValProProGly                                      
230235240                                                                 
GlyGluGluProArgMetHisCysAlaValAspGly                                      
245250                                                                    
GluTrpLeuValProIleGlyGlnCysLeuCysGln                                      
255260                                                                    
AlaGlyTyrGluLysValGluAspAlaCysGlnAla                                      
265270275                                                                 
CysSerProGlyPhePheLysPheGluAlaSerGlu                                      
280285                                                                    
SerProCysLeuGluCysProGluHisThrLeuPro                                      
290295300                                                                 
SerProGluGlyAlaThrSerCysGluCysGluGlu                                      
305310                                                                    
GlyPhePheArgAlaProGlnAspProAlaSerMet                                      
315320                                                                    
ProCysThrArgProProSerAlaProHisTyrLeu                                      
325330335                                                                 
ThrAlaValGlyMetGlyAlaLysValGluLeuArg                                      
340345                                                                    
TrpThrProProGlnAspSerGlyGlyArgGluAsp                                      
350355360                                                                 
IleValTyrSerValThrCysGluGlnCysTrpPro                                      
365370                                                                    
GluSerGlyGluCysGlyProCysGluAlaSerVal                                      
375380                                                                    
ArgTyrSerGluProProHisGlyLeuThrArgThr                                      
385390395                                                                 
SerValThrValSerAspLeuGluProHisMetAsn                                      
400405                                                                    
TyrThrPheThrValGluAlaArgAsnGlyValSer                                      
410415420                                                                 
GlyLeuValThrSerArgSerPheArgThrAlaSer                                      
425430                                                                    
ValSerIleAsnGlnThrGluProProLysValArg                                      
435440                                                                    
AsnGluGlyArgSerThrThrSerLeuSerValSer                                      
445450455                                                                 
TrpSerIleProProProGlnGlnSerArgValTrp                                      
460465                                                                    
LysTyrGluValThrTyrArgLysLysGlyAspSer                                      
470475480                                                                 
AsnSerTyrAsnValArgArgThrGluGlyPheSer                                      
485490                                                                    
ValThrLeuAspAspLeuAlaProAspThrThrTyr                                      
495500                                                                    
LeuValGlnValGlnAlaLeuThrGlnGluGlyGln                                      
505510515                                                                 
GlyAlaGlySerLysValHisGluPheGlnThrLeu                                      
520525                                                                    
SerProGluGlySerGlyAsnLeuAlaValIleGly                                      
530535540                                                                 
GlyValAlaValGlyValValLeuLeuLeuValLeu                                      
545550                                                                    
AlaGlyValGlyPhePheIleHisArgArgArgLys                                      
555560                                                                    
AsnGlnArgAlaArgGlnSerProGluAspValTyr                                      
565570575                                                                 
PheSerLysSerGluGlnLeuLysProLeuLysThr                                      
580585                                                                    
TyrValAspProHisThrTyrGluAspProAsnGln                                      
590595600                                                                 
AlaValLeuLysPheThrThrGluIleHisProSer                                      
605610                                                                    
CysValThrArgGlnThrValIleGlyGluGlyGlu                                      
615620                                                                    
PheGlyGluValTyrLysGlyMetLeuLysThrSer                                      
625630635                                                                 
SerGlyLysLysGluValProValAlaIleLysThr                                      
640645                                                                    
LeuLysAlaGlyTyrThrGluLysGlnArgArgAsp                                      
650655660                                                                 
PheLeuGlyGluAlaGlyIleMetGlyGlnPheSer                                      
665670                                                                    
HisHisAsnIleIleArgLeuGluGlyValIleSer                                      
675680                                                                    
LysTyrLysProMetMetIleIleThrGluTyrMet                                      
685690695                                                                 
GluAsnGlyAlaLeuAspLysPheLeuArgGluLys                                      
700705                                                                    
AspGlyGlnPheSerValLeuGlnLeuValGlyMet                                      
710715720                                                                 
LeuArgGlyIleAlaAlaGlyMetLysTyrLeuAla                                      
725730                                                                    
AsnMetAsnTyrValHisArgAspLeuAlaAlaArg                                      
735740                                                                    
AsnIleLeuValAsnSerAsnLeuValCysLysVal                                      
745750755                                                                 
SerAspPheGlyLeuSerArgValLeuGluAspAsp                                      
760765                                                                    
ProGluAlaThrTyrThrThrSerGlyGlyLysIle                                      
770775780                                                                 
ProIleArgTrpThrAlaProGluAlaIleSerTyr                                      
785790                                                                    
ArgLysPheThrSerAlaSerAspValTrpSerPhe                                      
795800                                                                    
GlyIleValMetTrpGluValMetThrTyrGlyGlu                                      
805810815                                                                 
ArgProTyrTrpGluLeuSerAsnHisGluValMet                                      
820825                                                                    
LysAlaIleAsnAspGlyPheArgLeuProThrPro                                      
830835840                                                                 
MetAspCysProSerAlaIleTyrGlnLeuMetMet                                      
845850                                                                    
GlnCysTrpGlnGlnGluArgAlaArgArgProLys                                      
855860                                                                    
PheAlaAspIleValSerIleLeuAspLysLeuIle                                      
865870875                                                                 
ArgAlaProAspSerLeuLysThrLeuAlaAspPhe                                      
880885                                                                    
AspProArgValSerIleArgLeuProSerThrSer                                      
890895900                                                                 
GlySerAspGlyIleProTyrArgThrValSerGlu                                      
905910                                                                    
TrpLeuGluSerIleLysMetGlnGlnTyrThrGlu                                      
915920                                                                    
HisPheMetAlaAlaGlyTyrThrAlaIleGluLys                                      
925930935                                                                 
ValValGlnMetThrAsnAspAspIleLysArgIle                                      
940945                                                                    
GlyValArgLeuProGlyHisGlnLysArgIleAla                                      
950955960                                                                 
TyrSerLeuLeuGlyLeuLysAspGlnValAsnThr                                      
965970                                                                    
ValGlyIleProIle                                                           
975                                                                       
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 9:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 984                                                           
(B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                 
(D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                     
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9:                                   
MetGluArgArgTrpProLeuGlyLeuGlyLeuVal                                      
1510                                                                      
LeuLeuLeuCysAlaProLeuProProGlyAlaArg                                      
1520                                                                      
AlaLysGluValThrLeuMetAspThrSerLysAla                                      
253035                                                                    
GlnGlyGluLeuGlyTrpLeuLeuAspProProLys                                      
4045                                                                      
AspGlyTrpSerGluGlnGlnGlnIleLeuAsnGly                                      
505560                                                                    
ThrProLeuTyrMetTyrGlnAspCysProMetGln                                      
6570                                                                      
GlyArgArgAspThrAspHisTrpLeuArgSerAsn                                      
7580                                                                      
TrpIleTyrArgGlyGluGluAlaSerArgValHis                                      
859095                                                                    
ValGluLeuGlnPheThrValArgAspCysLysSer                                      
100105                                                                    
PheProGlyGlyAlaGlyProLeuGlyCysLysGlu                                      
110115120                                                                 
ThrPheAsnLeuLeuTyrMetGluSerAspGlnAsp                                      
125130                                                                    
ValGlyIleGlnLeuArgArgProLeuPheGlnLys                                      
135140                                                                    
ValThrThrValAlaAlaAspGlnSerPheThrIle                                      
145150155                                                                 
ArgAspLeuAlaSerGlySerValLysLeuAsnVal                                      
160165                                                                    
GluArgCysSerLeuGlyArgLeuThrArgArgGly                                      
170175180                                                                 
LeuTyrLeuAlaPheHisAsnProGlyAlaCysVal                                      
185190                                                                    
AlaLeuValSerValArgValPheTyrGlnArgCys                                      
195200                                                                    
ProGluThrLeuAsnGlyLeuAlaGlnPheProAsp                                      
205210215                                                                 
ThrLeuProGlyProAlaGlyLeuValGluValAla                                      
220225                                                                    
GlyThrCysLeuProHisAlaArgAlaSerProArg                                      
230235240                                                                 
ProSerGlyAlaProArgMetHisCysSerProAsp                                      
245250                                                                    
GlyGluTrpLeuValProValGlyArgCysHisCys                                      
255260                                                                    
GluProGlyTyrGluGluGlyGlySerGlyGluAla                                      
265270275                                                                 
CysValAlaCysProSerGlySerTyrArgMetAsp                                      
280285                                                                    
MetAspThrProHisCysLeuThrCysProGlnGln                                      
290295300                                                                 
SerThrAlaGluSerGluGlyAlaThrIleCysThr                                      
305310                                                                    
CysGluSerGlyHisTyrArgAlaProGlyGluGly                                      
315320                                                                    
ProGlnValAlaCysThrGlyProProSerAlaPro                                      
325330335                                                                 
ArgAsnLeuSerPheSerAlaSerGlyThrGlyLeu                                      
340345                                                                    
SerLeuArgTrpGluProProAlaAspThrGlyGly                                      
350355360                                                                 
ArgGlnAspValArgTyrSerValArgCysSerGln                                      
365370                                                                    
CysGlnGlyThrAlaGlnAspGlyGlyProCysGln                                      
375380                                                                    
ProCysGlyValGlyValHisPheSerProGlyAla                                      
385390395                                                                 
ArgAlaLeuLysThrProAlaValHisValAsnGly                                      
400405                                                                    
LeuGluProTyrAlaAsnTyrThrPheAsnValGlu                                      
410415420                                                                 
AlaGlnAsnGlyValSerGlyLeuGlySerSerGly                                      
425430                                                                    
HisAlaSerThrSerValSerIleSerMetGlyHis                                      
435440                                                                    
AlaGluSerLeuSerGlyLeuSerLeuArgLeuVal                                      
445450455                                                                 
LysLysGluProArgGlnLeuGluLeuThrTrpAla                                      
460465                                                                    
GlySerArgProArgSerProGlyAlaAsnLeuThr                                      
470475480                                                                 
TyrGluLeuHisValLeuAsnGlnAspGluGluArg                                      
485490                                                                    
TyrGlnMetValLeuGluProArgValLeuLeuThr                                      
495500                                                                    
GluLeuGlnProAspThrThrTyrIleValArgVal                                      
505510515                                                                 
ArgMetLeuThrProLeuGlyProGlyProPheSer                                      
520525                                                                    
ProAspHisGluPheArgThrSerProProValSer                                      
530535540                                                                 
ArgGlyLeuThrGlyGlyGluIleValAlaValIle                                      
545550                                                                    
PheGlyLeuLeuLeuGlyAlaAlaLeuLeuLeuGly                                      
555560                                                                    
IleLeuValPheArgSerArgArgAlaGlyArgGln                                      
565570575                                                                 
ArgGlnGlnArgHisValThrAlaProProMetTrp                                      
580585                                                                    
IleGluArgThrSerCysAlaGluAlaLeuCysGly                                      
590595600                                                                 
ThrSerArgHisThrArgThrLeuHisArgGluPro                                      
605610                                                                    
TrpThrLeuProGlyGlyTrpSerAsnPheProSer                                      
615620                                                                    
ArgGluLeuAspProAlaTrpLeuMetValAspThr                                      
625630635                                                                 
ValIleGlyGluGlyGluPheGlyGluValTyrArg                                      
640645                                                                    
GlyThrLeuArgLeuProSerGlnAspCysLysThr                                      
650655660                                                                 
ValAlaIleLysThrLeuLysAspThrSerProGly                                      
665670                                                                    
GlyGlnTrpTrpAsnPheLeuArgGluAlaThrIle                                      
675680                                                                    
MetGlyGlnPheSerHisProAsnIleLeuHisLeu                                      
685690695                                                                 
GluGlyValValThrLysArgLysProIleMetIle                                      
700705                                                                    
IleThrGluPheMetGluAsnAlaAlaLeuAspAla                                      
710715720                                                                 
PheLeuArgGluArgGluAspGlnLeuValProGly                                      
725730                                                                    
GlnLeuValAlaMetLeuGlnGlyIleAlaAlaGly                                      
735740                                                                    
MetAsnTyrLeuSerAsnHisAsnTyrValHisArg                                      
745750755                                                                 
AspLeuAlaAlaArgAsnIleLeuValAsnGlnAsn                                      
760765                                                                    
LeuCysCysLysValSerAspPheGlyLeuThrArg                                      
770775780                                                                 
LeuLeuAspAspPheAspGlyThrTyrGluThrGln                                      
785790                                                                    
GlyGlyLysIleProIleArgTrpThrAlaProGlu                                      
795800                                                                    
AlaIleAlaHisArgIlePheThrThrAlaSerAsp                                      
805810815                                                                 
ValTrpSerPheGlyIleValMetTrpGluValLeu                                      
820825                                                                    
SerPheGlyAspLysProTyrGlyGluMetSerAsn                                      
830835840                                                                 
GlnGluValMetLysSerIleGluAspGlyTyrArg                                      
845850                                                                    
LeuProProProValAspCysProAlaProLeuTyr                                      
855860                                                                    
GluLeuMetLysAsnCysTrpAlaTyrAspArgAla                                      
865870875                                                                 
ArgArgProHisPheGlnLysLeuGlnAlaHisLeu                                      
880885                                                                    
GluGlnLeuLeuAlaAsnProHisCysLeuArgThr                                      
890895900                                                                 
IleAlaAsnPheAspProArgValThrLeuArgLeu                                      
905910                                                                    
ProCysLeuSerGlnSerAspGlyIleProTyrArg                                      
915920                                                                    
ThrValSerGluTrpLeuGluSerIleArgMetLys                                      
925930935                                                                 
ArgTyrIleLeuHisPheHisSerAlaGlyLeuAsp                                      
940945                                                                    
ThrMetGluCysValLeuGluLeuThrAlaGluAsp                                      
950955960                                                                 
LeuThrGlnMetGlyIleThrLeuProGlyHisGln                                      
965970                                                                    
LysArgIleLeuCysSerIleGlnGlyPheLysAsp                                      
975980                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 10:                                        
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 849                                                           
(B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                 
(D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                     
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:10:                                  
GlyGluSerGlnPheAlaLysIleAspThrIleAla                                      
1510                                                                      
AlaAspGluSerPheThrGlnValAspIleGlyAsp                                      
1520                                                                      
ArgIleMetLysLeuAsnThrGluValArgAspVal                                      
253035                                                                    
GlyProLeuSerLysLysGlyPheTyrLeuAlaPhe                                      
4045                                                                      
GlnAspValGlyAlaCysIleAlaLeuValSerVal                                      
505560                                                                    
ArgValPheTyrLysLysCysProLeuThrValArg                                      
6570                                                                      
AsnLeuAlaGlnPheProAspThrIleThrGlyAla                                      
7580                                                                      
AspThrSerSerLeuValGluValArgGlySerCys                                      
859095                                                                    
ValAsnAsnSerGluGluLysAspValProLysMet                                      
100105                                                                    
TyrCysGlyAlaAspGlyGluTrpLeuValProIle                                      
110115120                                                                 
GlyAsnCysLeuCysAsnAlaGlyTyrGluGluArg                                      
125130                                                                    
AsnGlyGluCysGlnAlaCysLysIleGlyTyrTyr                                      
135140                                                                    
LysAlaLeuSerThrAspValAlaCysAlaLysCys                                      
145150155                                                                 
ProProHisSerTyrSerIleTrpGluGlySerThr                                      
160165                                                                    
SerCysThrCysAspArgGlyPhePheArgAlaGlu                                      
170175180                                                                 
AsnAspAlaAlaSerMetProCysThrArgProPro                                      
185190                                                                    
SerAlaProGlnAsnLeuIleSerAsnValAsnGlu                                      
195200                                                                    
ThrSerValAsnLeuGluTrpSerAlaProGlnAsn                                      
205210215                                                                 
LysGlyGlyArgAspAspIleSerTyrAsnValVal                                      
220225                                                                    
CysLysArgCysGlyAlaGlyGluProSerHisCys                                      
230235240                                                                 
ArgSerCysGlySerGlyValHisPheSerProGln                                      
245250                                                                    
GlnAsnGlyLeuLysThrThrLysValSerIleThr                                      
255260                                                                    
AspLeuLeuAlaHisThrAsnTyrThrPheGluVal                                      
265270275                                                                 
TrpAlaValAsnGlyValSerLysHisAsnProSer                                      
280285                                                                    
GlnAspGlnAlaValSerValThrValThrThrAsn                                      
290295300                                                                 
GlnAlaAlaProSerProIleAlaLeuIleGlnAla                                      
305310                                                                    
LysGluIleThrArgHisSerValAlaLeuAlaTrp                                      
315320                                                                    
LeuGluProAspArgProAsnGlyValIleLeuGlu                                      
325330335                                                                 
TyrGluValLysTyrTyrGluLysAspGlnAsnGlu                                      
340345                                                                    
ArgThrTyrArgIleValLysThrAlaSerArgAsn                                      
350355360                                                                 
ThrAspIleLysGlyLeuAsnProLeuThrSerTyr                                      
365370                                                                    
ValPheHisValArgAlaArgThrAlaAlaGlyTyr                                      
375380                                                                    
GlyAspPheSerGlyProPheGluPheThrThrAsn                                      
385390395                                                                 
ThrValProSerProIleIleGlyAspGlyThrAsn                                      
400405                                                                    
ProThrValLeuLeuValSerValAlaGlySerVal                                      
410415420                                                                 
ValLeuValValIleLeuIleAlaAlaPheValIle                                      
425430                                                                    
SerArgArgArgSerLysTyrSerLysAlaLysGln                                      
435440                                                                    
GluAlaAspGluGluLysHisLeuAsnGlnGlyVal                                      
445450455                                                                 
ArgThrTyrValAspProPheThrTyrGluAspPro                                      
460465                                                                    
AsnGlnAlaValArgGluPheAlaLysGluIleAsp                                      
470475480                                                                 
AlaSerCysIleLysIleGluLysValIleGlyVal                                      
485490                                                                    
GlyGluPheGlyGluValCysSerGlyArgLeuLys                                      
495500                                                                    
ValProGlyLysArgGluIleCysValAlaIleLys                                      
505510515                                                                 
ThrLeuLysAlaGlyTyrThrAspLysGlnArgArg                                      
520525                                                                    
AspPheLeuSerGluAlaSerIleMetGlyGlnPhe                                      
530535540                                                                 
AspHisProAsnIleIleHisLeuGluGlyValVal                                      
545550                                                                    
ThrLysCysLysProValMetIleIleThrGluTyr                                      
555560                                                                    
MetGluAsnGlySerLeuAspAlaPheLeuArgLys                                      
565570575                                                                 
AsnAspGlyArgPheThrValIleGlnLeuValGly                                      
580585                                                                    
MetLeuArgGlyIleGlySerGlyMetLysTyrLeu                                      
590595600                                                                 
SerAspMetSerTyrValHisArgAspLeuAlaAla                                      
605610                                                                    
ArgAsnIleLeuValAsnSerAsnLeuValCysLys                                      
615620                                                                    
ValSerAspPheGlyMetSerArgValLeuGluAsp                                      
625630635                                                                 
AspProGluAlaAlaTyrThrThrArgGlyGlyLys                                      
640645                                                                    
IleProIleArgTrpThrAlaProGluAlaIleAla                                      
650655660                                                                 
TyrArgLysPheThrSerAlaSerAspValTrpSer                                      
665670                                                                    
TyrGlyIleValMetTrpGluValMetSerTyrGly                                      
675680                                                                    
GluArgProTyrTrpAspMetSerAsnGlnAspVal                                      
685690695                                                                 
IleLysAlaIleGluGluGlyTyrArgLeuProPro                                      
700705                                                                    
ProMetAspCysProIleAlaLeuHisGlnLeuMet                                      
710715720                                                                 
LeuAspCysTrpGlnLysGluArgSerAspArgPro                                      
725730                                                                    
LysPheGlyGlnIleValAsnMetLeuAspLysLeu                                      
735740                                                                    
IleArgAsnProAsnSerLeuLysArgThrAspSer                                      
745750755                                                                 
GluSerSerArgProSerThrAlaLeuLeuAspPro                                      
760765                                                                    
SerSerProGluPheSerAlaValValSerValSer                                      
770775780                                                                 
AspTrpLeuGlnAlaIleLysMetGluArgTyrLys                                      
785790                                                                    
AspAsnPheCysAlaAlaGlyTyrThrThrLeuGlu                                      
795800                                                                    
AlaValValHisMetAsnGlnAspAspLeuAlaArg                                      
805810815                                                                 
IleGlyIleThrAlaIleThrHisGlnAsnLysIle                                      
820825                                                                    
LeuSerSerValGlnAlaMetArgSerGlnMetGln                                      
830835840                                                                 
GlnMetHisGlyArgMetValProVal                                               
845                                                                       
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 11:                                        
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 612                                                           
(B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                 
(D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                     
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11:                                  
ValArgCysGlyAspAsnValGlnPheGluProArg                                      
1510                                                                      
GlnValGlyLeuThrGluSerValSerGlnValSer                                      
1520                                                                      
AsnLeuLeuAlaArgValGlnTyrThrPheGluIle                                      
253035                                                                    
GlnAlaValAsnLeuValThrGluLeuSerSerGlu                                      
4045                                                                      
AlaProGlnTyrAlaThrIleAsnValSerThrSer                                      
505560                                                                    
GlnSerValProSerAlaIleProMetMetHisGln                                      
6570                                                                      
ValSerArgAlaThrSerSerIleThrLeuSerTrp                                      
7580                                                                      
ProGlnProAspGlnProAsnGlyValIleLeuAsp                                      
859095                                                                    
TyrGlnLeuArgTyrPheAspLysAlaGluAspGlu                                      
100105                                                                    
AspAsnSerPheThrLeuThrSerGluThrAsnMet                                      
110115120                                                                 
AlaThrIleLeuAsnLeuSerProGlyLysIleTyr                                      
125130                                                                    
ValPheGlnValArgAlaArgThrAlaValGlyTyr                                      
135140                                                                    
GlyProTyrSerGlyLysMetTyrPheGlnThrLeu                                      
145150155                                                                 
MetGlyGlyGluHisSerGluMetAlaGlnAspArg                                      
160165                                                                    
LeuProLeuIleValGlySerAlaLeuGlyGlyLeu                                      
170175180                                                                 
AlaPheLeuValIleAlaAlaIleAlaIleLeuAla                                      
185190                                                                    
IleIlePheLysSerLysArgArgGluThrProTyr                                      
195200                                                                    
ThrAspArgLeuGlnGlnTyrIleSerThrArgGly                                      
205210215                                                                 
LeuGlyValLysTyrTyrIleAspProSerThrTyr                                      
220225                                                                    
GluAspProAsnGluAlaIleArgGluPheAlaLys                                      
230235240                                                                 
GluIleAspValSerPheIleLysIleGluGluVal                                      
245250                                                                    
IleGlySerGlyGluPheGlyGluValCysPheGly                                      
255260                                                                    
ArgLeuLysHisProGlyLysArgGluTyrThrVal                                      
265270275                                                                 
AlaIleLysThrLeuLysSerGlyTyrThrAspGlu                                      
280285                                                                    
GlnArgArgGluPheLeuSerGluAlaSerIleMet                                      
290295300                                                                 
GlyGlnPheGluHisProAsnValIleHisLeuGlu                                      
305310                                                                    
GlyValValThrLysSerArgProValMetIleVal                                      
315320                                                                    
ThrGluPheMetGluAsnGlySerLeuAspSerPhe                                      
325330335                                                                 
LeuArgGlnLysGluGlyGlnPheSerValLeuGln                                      
340345                                                                    
LeuValGlyMetLeuArgGlyIleAlaAlaGlyMet                                      
350355360                                                                 
ArgTyrLeuSerAspMetAsnTyrValHisArgAsp                                      
365370                                                                    
LeuAlaAlaArgAsnIleLeuValAsnSerAsnLeu                                      
375380                                                                    
ValCysLysValSerAspPheGlyLeuSerArgPhe                                      
385390395                                                                 
LeuGluAspAspAlaSerAsnProThrTyrThrGly                                      
400405                                                                    
AlaLeuGlyCysLysIleProIleArgTrpThrAla                                      
410415420                                                                 
ProGluAlaValGlnTyrArgLysPheThrSerSer                                      
425430                                                                    
SerAspValTrpSerTyrGlyIleValMetTrpGlu                                      
435440                                                                    
ValMetSerTyrGlyGluArgProTyrTrpAspMet                                      
445450455                                                                 
SerAsnGlnAspValIleAsnAlaIleAspGlnAsp                                      
460465                                                                    
TyrArgLeuProProProProAspCysProThrVal                                      
470475480                                                                 
LeuHisLeuLeuMetLeuAspCysTrpGlnLysAsp                                      
485490                                                                    
ArgValGlnArgProLysPheGluGlnIleValSer                                      
495500                                                                    
AlaLeuAspLysMetIleArgLysProSerAlaLeu                                      
505510515                                                                 
LysAlaThrGlyThrGlySerSerArgProSerGln                                      
520525                                                                    
ProLeuAlaSerAsnSerProProAspPheProSer                                      
530535540                                                                 
LeuSerAsnAlaHisGluTrpLeuAspAlaIleLys                                      
545550                                                                    
MetGlyArgTyrLysGluAsnPheAspGlnAlaGly                                      
555560                                                                    
LeuIleThrPheAspValIleSerArgMetThrLeu                                      
565570575                                                                 
GluAspLeuGlnArgIleGlyIleThrLeuValGly                                      
580585                                                                    
HisGlnLysLysIleLeuAsnSerIleGlnLeuMet                                      
590595600                                                                 
LysValHisLeuAsnGlnLeuGluProValGluVal                                      
605610                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 12:                                        
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 19                                                            
(B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                 
(D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                     
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:12:                                  
LeuSerArgIleCysThrProAspValSerGlyThrValGly                                
1510                                                                      
SerArgProAlaAla                                                           
15                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 13:                                        
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 490                                                           
(B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                 
(D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                     
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:13:                                  
TyrValPheGlnIleArgAlaArgThrAlaAlaGly                                      
1510                                                                      
TyrGlyGlyPheSerArgArgPheGluPheGluThr                                      
1520                                                                      
SerProValLeuAlaAlaSerSerAspGlnSerGln                                      
253035                                                                    
IleProIleIleValValSerValThrValGlyVal                                      
4045                                                                      
IleLeuLeuAlaValValIleGlyPheLeuLeuSer                                      
505560                                                                    
GlySerCysCysAspHisGlyCysGlyTrpAlaSer                                      
6570                                                                      
SerLeuArgAlaValAlaTyrProSerLeuIleTrp                                      
7580                                                                      
ArgCysGlyTyrSerLysAlaLysGlnAspProGlu                                      
859095                                                                    
GluGluLysMetHisPheHisAsnGlyHisIleLys                                      
100105                                                                    
LeuProGlyValArgThrTyrIleAspProHisThr                                      
110115120                                                                 
TyrGluAspProAsnGlnAlaValHisGluPheAla                                      
125130                                                                    
LysGluIleGluAlaSerCysIleThrIleGluArg                                      
135140                                                                    
ValIleGlyAlaGlyGluPheGlyGluValCysSer                                      
145150155                                                                 
GlyArgLeuLysLeuGlnGlyLysArgGluPhePro                                      
160165                                                                    
ValAlaIleLysThrLeuLysValGlyTyrThrGlu                                      
170175180                                                                 
LysGlnArgArgAspPheLeuGlyGluAlaSerIle                                      
185190                                                                    
MetGlyGlnPheAspHisProAsnIleIleHisLeu                                      
195200                                                                    
GluGlyValValThrLysSerLysProValMetIle                                      
205210215                                                                 
ValThrGluTyrMetGluAsnGlySerLeuAspThr                                      
220225                                                                    
PheLeuLysLysAsnAspGlyGlnPheThrValIle                                      
230235240                                                                 
GlnLeuValGlyMetLeuArgGlyIleAlaSerGly                                      
245250                                                                    
MetLysTyrLeuSerAspMetGlyTyrValHisArg                                      
255260                                                                    
AspLeuAlaAlaArgAsnIleLeuIleAsnSerAsn                                      
265270275                                                                 
LeuValCysLysValSerAspPheGlyLeuSerArg                                      
280285                                                                    
ValLeuGluAspAspProGluAlaAlaTyrThrThr                                      
290295300                                                                 
ArgGlyGlyLysIleProIleArgTrpThrAlaPro                                      
305310                                                                    
GluAlaIleAlaPheArgLysPheThrSerAlaSer                                      
315320                                                                    
AspValTrpSerTyrGlyIleValMetTrpGluVal                                      
325330335                                                                 
MetSerTyrGlyGluArgProTyrTrpGluMetThr                                      
340345                                                                    
AsnGlnAspValIleLysAlaValGluGluGlyTyr                                      
350355360                                                                 
ArgLeuProSerProMetAspCysProAlaAlaLeu                                      
365370                                                                    
TyrGlnLeuMetLeuAspCysTrpGlnLysAspArg                                      
375380                                                                    
AsnSerArgProLysPheAspGluIleValSerMet                                      
385390395                                                                 
LeuAspLysLeuIleArgAsnProSerSerLeuLys                                      
400405                                                                    
ThrLeuValAsnAlaSerSerArgValSerAsnLeu                                      
410415420                                                                 
LeuValGluHisSerProValGlySerGlyAlaTyr                                      
425430                                                                    
ArgSerValGlyGluTrpLeuGluAlaIleLysMet                                      
435440                                                                    
GlyArgTyrThrGluIlePheMetGluAsnGlyTyr                                      
445450455                                                                 
SerSerMetAspSerValAlaGlnValThrLeuGlu                                      
460465                                                                    
AspGluSerProCysGluLysTrpSerLeuThrLeu                                      
470475480                                                                 
HisProLeuPheProThrGlyTyrGlnThr                                            
485490                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 14:                                        
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 371                                                           
(B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                 
(D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                     
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:14:                                  
IleGluLysIleIleGlyIleSerGlyGluSerGly                                      
1510                                                                      
GluValCysTyrGlyArgLeuGlnValProGlyGln                                      
1520                                                                      
ArgAspValProValAlaIleLysAlaLeuLysAla                                      
253035                                                                    
GlyTyrThrGluArgGlnArgGlnAspPheLeuArg                                      
4045                                                                      
GluAlaAlaIleMetGlyGlnPheAspHisProAsn                                      
505560                                                                    
IleIleArgLeuGluGlyValValThrArgGlyArg                                      
6570                                                                      
LeuAlaMetIleValThrGluTyrMetGluAsnGly                                      
7580                                                                      
SerLeuAspAlaPheLeuArgThrHisAspGlyGln                                      
859095                                                                    
PheThrIleLeuGlnLeuValGlyMetLeuLysGly                                      
100105                                                                    
ValGlyAlaGlyMetArgTyrLeuSerAspLeuGly                                      
110115120                                                                 
TyrIleHisArgAspLeuAlaAlaArgAsnIleLeu                                      
125130                                                                    
ValAspGlyArgLeuValCysLysValSerAspPhe                                      
135140                                                                    
GlyLeuSerArgAlaLeuGluAspAspProGluAla                                      
145150155                                                                 
AlaTyrThrThrAlaGlyGlyLysIleProIleArg                                      
160165                                                                    
TrpThrAlaProGluAlaIleAlaPheArgThrPhe                                      
170175180                                                                 
SerSerAlaSerAspValTrpSerPheGlyValVal                                      
185190                                                                    
MetTrpGluValLeuAlaTyrGlyGluArgProTyr                                      
195200                                                                    
TrpAsnMetThrAsnGlnAspValIleSerSerVal                                      
205210215                                                                 
GluGluGlyTyrArgLeuProAlaProMetGlyCys                                      
220225                                                                    
ProArgAlaLeuHisGlnLeuMetLeuAspCysTrp                                      
230235240                                                                 
HisLysAspArgAlaGlnArgProArgPheSerHis                                      
245250                                                                    
ValValSerValLeuGluAlaLeuValHisSerPro                                      
255260                                                                    
GluSerLeuArgAlaThrAlaThrValSerArgCys                                      
265270275                                                                 
ProAlaProAlaPheAlaArgSerCysPheAspLeu                                      
280285                                                                    
ArgAlaGlyGlyAsnGlyAsnGlyAspLeuThrVal                                      
290295300                                                                 
GlyAspTrpLeuAspSerIleArgMetGlyArgTyr                                      
305310                                                                    
ArgArgAspHisPheAlaAlaGlyGlyTyrSerSer                                      
315320                                                                    
LeuGlyMetValLeuHisMetAsnAlaGlnAspVal                                      
325330335                                                                 
ArgAlaLeuGlyIleThrLeuMetGlyHisGlnLys                                      
340345                                                                    
LysIleLeuGlySerIleGlnThrMetArgSerGln                                      
350355360                                                                 
LeuSerCysThrGlnGlyProArgArgHisLeu                                         
365370                                                                    
__________________________________________________________________________

Claims (17)

We claim:
1. An isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2.
2. An isolated and purified sequence encoding Bsk and having the nucleic acid sequence shown in SEQ ID:1.
3. A recombinant expression vector comprising the nucleic acid sequence according to claim 2 or claim 1.
4. A host cell transformed or transfected with a recombinant expression vector according to claim 3.
5. A method of producing a recombinant Bsk protein, comprising:
(a) inserting the nucleic acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1 into an expression vector;
(b) transfecting the expression vector into a host cell;
(c) culturing the host cell under conditions appropriate for amplification of the vector and expression of the protein; and
(d) harvesting the protein.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the expression vector is a eukaryotic expression vector or prokaryotic expression vector.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the expression vector is a baculovirus vector.
8. The method of claim 5, wherein the host cell is a eukaryotic cell or prokaryotic cell.
9. The method of claim 5, wherein the eukaryotic cell is an insect cell.
10. An isolated and purified nucleic acid sequence encoding a part of Bsk and having the nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) nucleic acids 418 to 570 SEQ ID NO:1; (b) nucleic acids 571 to 1653 of SEQ ID NO:1; (c) nucleic acids 1654 to 1716 of SEQ ID NO:1; (d) nucleic acids 1717 to 3048 of SEQ ID NO:1; (e) nucleic acids 571 to 1335 of SEQ ID NO:1; (f) nucleic acids 1336 to 1653 of SEQ ID NO:1; and (g) nucleic acids 1717 to 1797 of SEQ ID NO:1.
11. An isolated and purified nucleic acid sequence encoding a part of Bsk and having the nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) 418 to 570 of SEQ ID NO:1; (b) 418 to 1335 of SEQ ID NO:1; (c) 418 to 1657 of SEQ ID NO:1; (d) 418 to 1716 of SEQ ID NO:1; (e) 418 to 1797 of SEQ ID NO:1; (f) 571 to 1335 of SEQ ID NO:1; (g) 571 to 1653 of SEQ ID NO:1; (h) 571 to 1716 of SEQ ID NO:1; (i) 571 to 1797 of SEQ ID NO:1; (j) 571 to 3048 of SEQ ID NO:1; (k) 1336 to 1653 of SEQ ID NO:1; (l) 1336 to 1716 of SEQ ID NO:1; (m) 1336 to 1797 of SEQ ID NO:1; (n) 1336 to 3048 of SEQ ID NO:1; (o) 1654 to 1716 of SEQ ID NO:1; (p) 1654 to 1797 of SEQ ID NO:1; (q) 1654 to 3048 of SEQ ID NO:1; (r) 1717 to 1797 of SEQ ID NO:1; (s) 1717 to 3048 of SEQ ID NO:1; and (t) 1798 to 3048 of SEQ ID NO:1.
12. A recombinant expression vector comprising at least one of the nucleic acid sequences of claim 10 or 11.
13. A host cell transformed or transfected with a recombinant expression vector according to claim 12.
14. An isolated and purified nucleic acid sequence encoding a part of Bsk amino acid sequence, said amino acid sequence being selected from the group consisting of: (a) 1 to 51 of SEQ ID NO:2; (b) 52 to 412 of SEQ ID NO:2; (c) 413 to 433 of SEQ ID NO:2; (d) 434 to 460 of SEQ ID NO:2; (e) 434 to 877 of SEQ ID NO:2; (f) amino acids 52 to 306 of SEQ ID NO:2; and (g) 307 to 412 of SEQ ID NO:2.
15. An isolated and purified nucleic acid sequence encoding a part of Bsk amino acid sequence, said amino acid sequence being selected from the group consisting of: (a) 1 to 51 of SEQ ID NO:2; (b) 1 to 306 of SEQ ID NO:2; (c) 1 to 412 of SEQ ID NO:2; (d) 1 to 433 of SEQ ID NO:2; (e) 1 to 460 of SEQ ID NO:2; (f) 52 to 306 of SEQ ID NO:2; (g) 52 to 412 of SEQ ID NO:2; (h) 52 to 433 of SEQ ID NO:2; (i) 52 to 460 of SEQ ID NO:2; (j) 52 to 877 of SEQ ID NO:2; (k) 307 to 412 of SEQ ID NO:2; (l) 307 to 433 of SEQ ID NO:2; (m) 307 to 460 SEQ ID NO:2; (n) 307 to 877 of SEQ ID NO:2; (o) 413 to 433 of SEQ ID NO:2; (p) 413 to 460 of SEQ ID NO:2; (q) 413 to 877 of SEQ ID NO:2; (r) 434 to 460 of SEQ ID NO:2; (s) 434 to 877 of SEQ ID NO:2; and (t) 461 to 877 of SEQ ID NO:2.
16. A recombinant expression vector comprising at least one of the nucleic acid sequences of claim 14 or claim 15.
17. A host cell transformed or transfected with a recombinant expression vector according to claim 16.
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US20020176847A1 (en) * 2001-04-30 2002-11-28 Tripathi Rajavashisth Methods for inhibiting macrophage colony stimulating factor and c-FMS-dependent cell signaling
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US20040091486A1 (en) * 2002-05-10 2004-05-13 Kinch Michael S. EphA2 agonistic monoclonal antibodies and methods of use thereof
US20040161893A1 (en) * 1998-02-27 2004-08-19 Thakur Randhir P.S. Methods for enhancing capacitors having roughened features to increase charge-storage capacity
US20040241666A1 (en) * 2003-05-30 2004-12-02 Amorese Douglas A. Ligand array assays that include an organic fluid wash step and compositions for practicing the same
US20050059592A1 (en) * 2003-04-11 2005-03-17 Kiener Peter A. EphA2 and hyperproliferative cell disorders
US20050152899A1 (en) * 2002-05-10 2005-07-14 Kinch Michael S. EphA2 agonistic monoclonal antibodies and methods of use thereof
US20050239088A1 (en) * 2003-05-16 2005-10-27 Shepard H M Intron fusion proteins, and methods of identifying and using same
US7037662B1 (en) * 1997-06-25 2006-05-02 Andrew Wallace Boyd Receptor-ligand system and assay
US20060286102A1 (en) * 2004-05-14 2006-12-21 Pei Jin Cell surface receptor isoforms and methods of identifying and using the same
US20090170769A1 (en) * 2005-05-13 2009-07-02 Pei Jin Cell surface receptor isoforms and methods of identifying and using the same

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Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6200750B1 (en) * 1996-09-23 2001-03-13 Thomas Jefferson University Mammalian homologous recombination activating sequences and method of identification and their use thereof
US7037662B1 (en) * 1997-06-25 2006-05-02 Andrew Wallace Boyd Receptor-ligand system and assay
US20040161893A1 (en) * 1998-02-27 2004-08-19 Thakur Randhir P.S. Methods for enhancing capacitors having roughened features to increase charge-storage capacity
US20020176847A1 (en) * 2001-04-30 2002-11-28 Tripathi Rajavashisth Methods for inhibiting macrophage colony stimulating factor and c-FMS-dependent cell signaling
US7247618B2 (en) 2001-04-30 2007-07-24 Tripathi Rajavashisth Methods for inhibiting macrophage colony stimulating factor and c-FMS-dependent cell signaling
US20070134254A1 (en) * 2002-05-10 2007-06-14 Medimmune, Inc. EphA2 agonistic monoclonal antibodies and methods of use thereof
US20050152899A1 (en) * 2002-05-10 2005-07-14 Kinch Michael S. EphA2 agonistic monoclonal antibodies and methods of use thereof
US20070086943A1 (en) * 2002-05-10 2007-04-19 Purdue Research Foundation And Medimmune, Inc. EphA2 agonistic monoclonal antibodies and methods of use thereof
US20040091486A1 (en) * 2002-05-10 2004-05-13 Kinch Michael S. EphA2 agonistic monoclonal antibodies and methods of use thereof
US20070166314A1 (en) * 2002-05-10 2007-07-19 Medimmune, Inc. EpA2 monoclonal antibodies and methods of use thereof
US20040028685A1 (en) * 2002-05-10 2004-02-12 Kinch Michael S. EphA2 monoclonal antibodies and methods of use thereof
US20100143345A1 (en) * 2002-05-10 2010-06-10 Medimmune, Llc Epha2 agonistic monoclonal antibodies and methods of use thereof
US20050059592A1 (en) * 2003-04-11 2005-03-17 Kiener Peter A. EphA2 and hyperproliferative cell disorders
US20050239088A1 (en) * 2003-05-16 2005-10-27 Shepard H M Intron fusion proteins, and methods of identifying and using same
US20040241666A1 (en) * 2003-05-30 2004-12-02 Amorese Douglas A. Ligand array assays that include an organic fluid wash step and compositions for practicing the same
US20060286102A1 (en) * 2004-05-14 2006-12-21 Pei Jin Cell surface receptor isoforms and methods of identifying and using the same
US20090170769A1 (en) * 2005-05-13 2009-07-02 Pei Jin Cell surface receptor isoforms and methods of identifying and using the same

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